Voiceless retroflex affricate

Voiceless retroflex affricate
ʈ͡ʂ
t͡ʂ
IPA number 105 (136)
Encoding
Entity (decimal) ʈ͡ʂ
Unicode (hex) U+0288U+0361U+0282
X-SAMPA ts`
Kirshenbaum ts.
Sound
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The voiceless retroflex sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ʈ͡ʂ, sometimes simplified to ,[1] and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is ts`.

The affricate occurs in a number of languages:

Some scholars transcribe the laminal variant of this sound as /t͡ʃ/, even though it is not palatalized. In such cases the voiceless palato-alveolar affricate is transcribed /t͡ʃʲ/.

Features

Features of the voiceless retroflex affricate:

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Adyghe чъыгы  [t͡ʂəɣə]  'tree'
Asturian Some dialects[2][3] ḷḷobu [ʈ͡ʂoβu] 'wolf' Corresponds to standard /ʎ/
Belarusian пачатак [paʈ͡ʂatak] 'the beginning' Laminal. See Belarusian phonology
Chinese Mandarin[4] 中文/Zhōngwén  [ʈ͡ʂʊŋ˥ u̯ən˧˥]  'Chinese language' Contrasts with aspirated form. See Mandarin phonology
Khanty Eastern dialects ҷӓңҷ [ʈ͡ʂaɳʈ͡ʂ] 'knee' Corresponds to a voiceless retroflex fricative /ʂ/ in the northern dialects
Southern dialects
Northern Qiang zhes [ʈ͡ʂəs] 'day before yesterday' Contrasts with aspirated and voiced forms
Polish Standard[5][6] czas  [ˈʈ͡ʂäs̪]  'time' Laminal. Transcribed /t͡ʃ/ by most Polish scholars. See Polish phonology
Southeastern Cuyavian dialects[7] cena [ˈʈ͡ʂɛn̪ä] 'price' Some speakers. It is a result of hypercorrecting the more popular merger of /ʈ͡ʂ/ and /t͡s/ into [t͡s]
Suwałki dialect[8]
Quechua Cajamarca–Cañaris ch'upa [ʈ͡ʂupə] 'tail'
Russian Smolensk, Bryansk dialects кирпич [kɪrˈpɪt͡ʂ] 'brick'
Serbo-Croatian čokoláda / чоколада [ʈ͡ʂo̞ko̞ˈɫǎ̠ːd̪a̠] 'chocolate' Laminal. It may be palato-alveolar instead, depending on the dialect. See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Slovak[9] čakať [ˈʈ͡ʂakac] 'to wait' Laminal
Torwali[10] ? [ʈ͡ʂuwu] 'to sew' Contrasts with aspirated form
Yi /zha [ʈ͡ʂa˧] 'a bit' Contrasts with aspirated form

See also

References

  1. Unlike the palato-alveolar and alveolar affricates, there is no obsolete ligature.
  2. (Asturian) Normes ortográfiques, Academia de la Llingua Asturiana Page 14
  3. García Arias (2003:34)
  4. Ladefoged & Wu (1984:?)
  5. Jassem (2003:103)
  6. Hamann (2004:65)
  7. "Gwary polskie - Gwara regionu". Gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl. Retrieved 2013-11-13.
  8. "Gwary polskie - Szadzenie". Gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl. Retrieved 2013-11-13.
  9. Hanulíková & Hamann (2010:374)
  10. Lunsford (2001:16–20)

Bibliography

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