Voiced labio-velar approximant

For consonants followed by superscript ʷ, see Labialization.
Voiced labio-velar approximant
w
IPA number 170
Encoding
Entity (decimal) w
Unicode (hex) U+0077
X-SAMPA w
Kirshenbaum w
Braille ⠺ (braille pattern dots-2456)
Sound
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Compressed labio-velar approximant
ɰᵝ
wᵝ

The voiced labio-velar approximant is a type of consonantal sound, used in certain spoken languages, including English. It is the sound denoted by the letter w in the English alphabet;[1] likewise, the symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is w, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is w. In most languages it is a labialized velar approximant [ɰʷ], and the semivocalic counterpart of the close back rounded vowel [u] - i.e. the non-syllabic close back rounded vowel. In inventory charts of languages with other labialized velar consonants, /w/ will be placed in the same column as those consonants. When consonant charts have only labial and velar columns, /w/ may be placed in the velar column, (bi)labial column, or both. The placement may have more to do with phonological criteria than phonetic ones.[2]

Some languages have the voiced labio-prevelar approximant,[3] which is articulated slightly more front compared with the place of articulation of the prototypical voiced labio-prevelar approximant, though not as front as the prototypical labialized palatal approximant - see that article for more information.

Features

Features of the voiced labialized velar approximant:

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Abkhaz ауаҩы [awaˈɥə] 'human' See Abkhaz phonology
Adyghe оды  [wadə]  'thin'
Arabic Standard[4] وَرْد [ward] 'roses' See Arabic phonology
Assamese ৱাশ্বিংটন [waʃiŋtɔn] 'Washington'
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic ktawa [kta:wa] 'book' Most speakers. [v] and [ʋ] are used in the Urmia dialects.
Basque lau [law] 'four'
Bengali ওয়াদা [wada] 'promise' See Bengali phonology
Catalan[5] creuar [kɾəˈwa] 'to cross' See Catalan phonology
Chinese Cantonese /wu4 [wuː˨˩] 'lake' See Cantonese phonology
Mandarin /wáng [wɑŋ˧˥] 'king' See Mandarin phonology
Dutch Colloquial koude [ˈkʌu̯wə] 'cold' Lenited allophone of /d/ after /ʌu̯/. See Dutch phonology
Standard Surinamese welp [wɛɫp] 'cub' Corresponds to [ʋ] in the Netherlands and to [β̞] in Belgium. See Dutch phonology
English weep [wiːp] 'weep' See English phonology
French[6] oui [wi] 'yes' See French phonology
Hawaiian[7] wikiwiki [wikiwiki] 'fast' May also be realized as [v]. See Hawaiian phonology
Hebrew Oriental כוח [ˈkowaħ] 'power' See Modern Hebrew phonology
Hindustani[8] विश्वास [vɪʃwaːs] 'believe' See Hindustani phonology
Irish vóta [ˈwoːt̪ˠə] 'vote' See Irish phonology
Italian[9] uomo [ˈwɔːmo] 'man' See Italian phonology
Japanese わたし/watashi [ɰᵝataɕi] 'I' Pronounced with lip compression. See Japanese phonology
Kabardian уэ  [wa]  'you'
Korean 왜가리/waegari [wɛɡɐɾi] 'heron' See Korean phonology
Luxembourgish[10] zwee [t͡swe̝ː] 'two' Allophone of /v/ after /k, t͡s, ʃ/.[11] See Luxembourgish phonology
Malay wang [waŋ] 'money'
Pashto ﻭﺍﺭ [wɑr] 'one time'
Polish[12] łaska  [ˈwäskä]  'grace' See Polish phonology. Corresponds to [ɫ] in older pronunciation and eastern dialects
Portuguese[13] Most dialects quando [ˈkwɐ̃du] 'when' Post-lexically after //. See Portuguese phonology
General Brazilian qual [ˈkwaw] 'which' Allophone of /l/ in coda position for most Brazilian dialects.[14]
Romanian dulău [duˈləw] 'mastiff' See Romanian phonology
Serbo-Croatian Croatian[15] вук / vuk [wûːk] 'wolf' Allophone of /ʋ/ before /u/.[15] See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Seri cmiique [ˈkw̃ĩːkːɛ] 'person' Allophone of /m/
Slovene[16][17] cerkev [ˈt͡sèːrkəw] 'church' Allophone of /ʋ/ in the syllable coda.[16][17] Voiceless [ʍ] before voiceless consonants. See Slovene phonology
Sotho sewa [ˈsewa] 'epidemic' See Sesotho phonology
Spanish[18] cuanto [ˈkwãn̪t̪o̞] 'as much' See Spanish phonology
Swahili mwanafunzi [mwɑnɑfunzi] 'student'
Tagalog araw [ɐˈɾaw] 'day' See Tagalog phonology
Thai[19] แห /waen [wɛn˩˩˦] 'ring'
Ukrainian любов [lʲubɔw] 'love' See Ukrainian phonology
Vietnamese[20] tuần [t̪wən˨˩] 'week' See Vietnamese phonology
Welsh gwae [ɡwaɨ] 'woe' See Welsh phonology
West Frisian skowe [skoːwǝ] 'to shove'

See also

References

  1. Guidelines for Transcription of English Consonants and Vowels (PDF); see the examples on the fifth page.
  2. Ohala & Lorentz (1977:577)
  3. Instead of "pre-velar", it can be called "advanced velar", "fronted velar", "front-velar", "palato-velar", "post-palatal", "retracted palatal" or "backed palatal".
  4. Watson (2002:13)
  5. Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:55)
  6. Fougeron & Smith (1993:75)
  7. Pukui & Elbert (1986:xvii)
  8. Ladefoged (2005:141)
  9. Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:117)
  10. Gilles & Trouvain (2013), pp. 67, 69.
  11. Gilles & Trouvain (2013), p. 69.
  12. Jassem (2003:103)
  13. Barbosa & Albano (2004:230)
  14. Barbosa, Plínio A.; Albano, Eleonora C. (23 Dec 2004). "Brazilian Portuguese". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 34 (02): 227–232. doi:10.1017/S0025100304001756. Retrieved 21 December 2014.
  15. 1 2 Landau et al. (1999:68)
  16. 1 2 Šuštaršič, Komar & Petek (1999:136)
  17. 1 2 Greenberg (2006:18)
  18. Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:256)
  19. Wen in a Thai–English dictionary, with recorded pronunciation
  20. Thompson (1959:458–461)

Bibliography

  • Barbosa, Plínio A.; Albano, Eleonora C. (2004), "Brazilian Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (2): 227–232, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001756 
  • Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618 
  • Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L. (1993), "French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 23 (2): 73–76, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874 
  • Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 67–74, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278 
  • Greenberg, Mark L. (2006), A Short Reference Grammar of Standard Slovene, Kansas: University of Kansas 
  • Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191 
  • Landau, Ernestina; Lončarić, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69, ISBN 0-521-65236-7 
  • Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373 
  • Ohala, John; Lorentz, James (1977), "Story of [w]: An exercise in the phonetic explanation for sound patterns" (PDF), Berkeley Linguistics Society annual meeting 3 proceedings, pp. 577–599 
  • Pukui, Mary Kawena; Elbert, Samuel H. (1986), Hawaiian Dictionary, Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press, ISBN 0-8248-0703-0 
  • Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628 
  • Šuštaršič, Rastislav; Komar, Smiljana; Petek, Bojan (1999), "Slovene", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 135–139, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874, ISBN 0-521-65236-7 
  • Thompson, Laurence (1959), "Saigon phonemics", Language, 35 (3): 454–476, doi:10.2307/411232, JSTOR 411232 
  • Watson, Janet (2002), The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, New York: Oxford University Press 
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