Alveolar and postalveolar approximants

Alveolar approximant
ɹ
ð̠˕
IPA number 151
Encoding
Entity (decimal) ɹ
Unicode (hex) U+0279
X-SAMPA r\ or D_r_o
Kirshenbaum r
Braille ⠼ (braille pattern dots-3456)
Sound
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Postalveolar approximant
ɹ̠
Sound
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The alveolar approximant is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the alveolar and postalveolar approximants is ɹ, a lowercase letter r rotated 180 degrees. The equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is r\.

There is no separate symbol for the dental approximant (as in Spanish nada) in the International Phonetic Alphabet, which most scholars transcribe with the symbol for a voiced dental fricative, ð.

The most common sound represented by the letter r in English is the postalveolar approximant, pronounced a little more back and transcribed more precisely in IPA as ɹ̠, but ɹ is often used for convenience in its place. For further ease of typesetting, English phonemic transcriptions might use the symbol r even though the former symbol represents the alveolar trill in phonetic transcription.

Features

Features of the alveolar approximant:

Occurrence

Alveolar

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Armenian Eastern սուրճ [suɹtʃ] 'coffee'
Assamese Standard ঙা/rônga [ɹɔŋa] 'red'
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic Alqosh dialect [ɹɑbɑ] 'many' Corresponds to /ɾ/ in most other Assyrian dialects.
Tyari dialect
Burmese[1][2] တိစ္ဆာန် [təɹeɪʔsʰàɴ] 'animal' Occurs only in loanwords, mostly from Pali or English
Chukchi ңирэк [ŋiɹek] 'two'
Dahalo[3] [káð̠˕i] 'work' Apical. It is a common intervocalic allophone of /d̠/, and may be a weak fricative [ð̠] or simply a plosive [d] instead.[4]
Danish Standard[5][6][7] ved [ʋe̝ð̠˕ˠ] 'at' Velarized and laminal; allophone of /d/ in the syllable coda.[5][6][7] For few speakers, it may be a non-sibilant fricative instead.[7] See Danish phonology
Dutch Central Netherlandic door [doːɹ] 'through' Allophone of /r/ in the syllable coda for some speakers. See Dutch phonology
Western Netherlandic
Leiden rat [ɹat] 'rat' Corresponds to /r/ in other dialects.
Faroese róður [ɹɔuwʊɹ] 'rudder' See Faroese phonology
German Standard Austrian[8] Rebe [ˈɹeːbɛ] 'vine' The most common alveolar realization of /r/, with a trill [r] being the alternative realization. The more common uvular realizations are a fricative (either voiced [ʁ] or voiceless [χ]) and, more rarely, a trill [ʀ].[8] See Standard German phonology
Siegerland[9] [ˈɹeːbə] Most other dialects use a voiced uvular fricative [ʁ] or a uvular trill [ʀ]. See Standard German phonology
Silesian
Upper Lusatian
Westerwald[10]
Greek[11] μέρα ra [ˈmɛɹɐ] 'day' Allophone of /r/ in rapid or casual speech. See Modern Greek phonology
Icelandic bróðir [ˈprou̯ð̠˕ir] 'brother' Usually apical. See Icelandic phonology
Limburgish Montfortian dialect[12] maintenant [ˈmæ̃ːn˦ð̠˕ənɑ̃ː˨] 'now'
Persianفارسی [fɒːɹˈsiː] 'Persian'Allophone of /ɾ/ before /d/, /l/, /s/, /ʃ/, /t/, /z/, and /ʒ/. See Persian phonology.
Portuguese Inland Brazilian Centro-Sul's metro cities[13] amor [aˈmoɹ] 'love' Allophone of [ɾ ~ ʁ] in the syllable coda. May also be retroflex, post-alveolar and/or rhotic vowel. See Portuguese phonology.
General Brazilian[14] marketing [ˈmaɹke̞tɕĩ] 'marketing' Appears in loanwords, even by speakers who do not use it as an allophone of [ɾ ~ ʁ]. Generally not as onset or final e.g. trailer [ˈtɾejle̞ʁ].
Greater São Paulo[15] permitir [pe̞ɹmiˈtɕiɾ] 'to allow'
Spanish Some dialects[16] doscientos [do̞ɹˈθje̞n̪t̪o̞s] 'two hundred' Allophone of /s/ in the syllable coda. See Spanish phonology
Belizeaninvierno [imˈbjeɹno]'winter'Possible realization of /r/ in the syllable coda.
Puerto Rican
Swedish Central Standard[17] starkast [ˈs̪t̪äɹːkäs̪t̪] 'strongest' Allophone of /r/. Some speakers have [ɾ] ([r] when geminated) in all positions. See Swedish phonology
Tagalog parang [paɹaŋ] 'like-' Allophone of the more traditional [ɾ ~ r] used by the more English-literate younger speakers.
Turkish tarla [ʹt̪aɹɫʌ] 'field' Allophone of /ɾ/. See Turkish phonology
Vietnamese Saigon[18] ra [ɹa] 'go out' In free variation with [ɾ], [r] and [ʐ]. See Vietnamese phonology
Zapotec Tilquiapan[19] r [ɹd̪ɨ] 'pass' Allophone of /ɾ/ before any consonant

Postalveolar

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
English Australian red [ɹ̠ʷed] 'red' Often labialized. May also be a labialized retroflex approximant. For convenience it is often transcribed r. See Australian English phonology, English phonology and Rhoticity in English.
Most American dialects[20]  [ɹ̠ʷɛd] 
Received Pronunciation
Igbo[21] rí [ɹ̠í] 'eat'
Malay Some Malaysian and Singaporean speakers baru [baɹ̠u] 'new' Allophone of /r/ because of English influence.
Maltese Some dialects[22] Corresponds to [ɾ ~ r] in other dialects.[22]
Shipibo[23] ? [ˈd̠ɹ̠o̽ɾ̠o̽] 'to break into pieces' Pre-stopped. Possible word-initial realization of /r/.[23]

As an allophone of other rhotic sounds, [ɹ] occurs in Edo, Fula, Murinh-patha, and Palauan.[24]

See also

References

Bibliography

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  • Bakkes, Pierre (2007), Mofers Waordebook (in Dutch), ISBN 978-90-9022294-3 
  • Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, ISBN 0-19-824268-9 
  • Boyce, S.; Espy-Wilson, C. (1997), "Coarticulatory stability in American English /r/", Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 101 (6): 3741–3753, Bibcode:1997ASAJ..101.3741B, doi:10.1121/1.418333, PMID 9193061 
  • Browman, C.P.; Goldstein, L. (1995), "Gestural syllable position in American English", in Bell-Berti, F.; Raphael, L.J., Producing Speech: Contemporary Issues: for Katherine Safford Harris, New York: AIP, pp. 9–33 
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  • Engstrand, Olle (1999), "Swedish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press, pp. 140–142, ISBN 9780521637510 
  • Fougeron, C (1999), "Prosodically conditioned articulatory variation: A Review", UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics, 97, pp. 1–73 
  • Grønnum, Nina (2003), "Why are the Danes so hard to understand?", in Jacobsen, Henrik Galberg; Bleses, Dorthe; Madsen, Thomas O.; Thomsen, Pia, Take Danish - for instance: linguistic studies in honour of Hans Basbøll, presented on the occasion of his 60th birthday, Odense: Syddansk Universitetsforlag, pp. 119–130 
  • Hallé, Pierre A.; Best, Catherine T.; Levitt, Andrea (1999), "Phonetic vs. phonological influences on French listeners' perception of American English approximants", Journal of Phonetics, 27 (3): 281–306, doi:10.1006/jpho.1999.0097 
  • Ikekeonwu, Clara I. (1999), "Igbo", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press, pp. 108–110, ISBN 9780521637510 
  • Kohler, Klaus (1995), Einführung in die Phonetik des Deutschen, Berlin: Erich Schmidt Verlag 
  • Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19814-8. 
  • Maddieson, Ian; Spajić, Siniša; Sands, Bonny; Ladefoged, Peter (1993), "Phonetic structures of Dahalo", in Maddieson, Ian, UCLA working papers in phonetics: Fieldwork studies of targeted languages, 84, Los Angeles: The UCLA Phonetics Laboratory Group, pp. 25–65 
  • Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344 
  • Moosmüller, Sylvia; Schmid, Carolin; Brandstätter, Julia (2015), "Standard Austrian German", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 45 (03): 339–348, doi:10.1017/S0025100315000055 
  • Puech, Gilbert (2013), "Prime constituents of Maltese sounds", in Borg, Albert; Caruana, Sandro; Vella, Alexandra, Perspectives on Maltese Linguistics, Berlin: Akademie Verlag GmbH, pp. 61–88, ISBN 978-3-05-006275-4 
  • Recasens, Daniel (2004), "The effect of syllable position on consonant reduction (evidence from Catalan consonant clusters)", Journal of Phonetics, 32 (3): 435–453, doi:10.1016/j.wocn.2004.02.001 
  • Valenzuela, Pilar M.; Márquez Pinedo, Luis; Maddieson, Ian (2001), "Shipibo", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 31 (2): 281–285, doi:10.1017/S0025100301002109 
  • Thompson, Laurence C. (1959), "Saigon Phonemics", Language, Linguistic Society of America, 35 (3): 454–476, doi:10.2307/411232, JSTOR 411232 
  • Watkins, Justin (2001), "Burmese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 31 (2): 291–95, doi:10.1017/S0025100301002122 
  • Zawadzki, P.A.; Kuehn, D.P. (1980), "A cineradiographic study of static and dynamic aspects of American English /r/", Phonetica, 37 (4): 253–266, doi:10.1159/000259995, PMID 7443796 
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