400 metres at the Olympics
| 400 metres at the Olympic Games | |
|---|---|
|
The 2012 Olympic men's 400 m final | |
| Overview | |
| Sport | Athletics |
| Gender | Men and women |
| Years held |
Men: 1896 – 2016 Women: 1964 – 2012 |
| Olympic record | |
| Men | 43.03 Wayde van Niekerk (2016) |
| Women | 48.25 Marie-José Pérec (1996) |
| Reigning champion | |
| Men |
 Wayde van Niekerk (RSA) |
| Women |
 Shaunae Miller (BAH) |
The 400 metres at the Summer Olympics has been contested since the first edition of the multi-sport event. The men's 400 m has been present on the Olympic athletics programme since 1896 but nearly seventy years passed before the introduction of the women's 400 m, which has been held continuously since the 1964 Games. It is the most prestigious 400 m race at elite level. The competition format typically has two qualifying rounds leading to a final race between eight athletes.
The Olympic record for the men's race was set in 2016, and the record for the women's race was set in 1996. Wayde van Niekerk holds the men's record of 43.03 seconds, breaking world and Olympic records that had been held by Michael Johnson since 1999 and 1996 respectively. Marie-José Pérec is the women's record holder at 48.25 seconds. The men's world record has been broken several times at the Olympics: in 1912, 1932, 1960, 1968, and 2016. Irena Szewińska is the only person to break the women's world record at the competition, doing so in 1976.
Only two athletes have won the event twice: Marie-José Pérec became the first to defend the title in 1996, then Michael Johnson followed with victories in 1996 and 2000. No athlete has won more than three medals. Several medalists in the event have also had success in the 200 metres at the Olympics: Johnson, Perec, Szewińska and Valerie Brisco-Hooks have all won titles at both distances. Athletes chosen for the event almost always form part of their nation's team for the 4×400 metres relay at the Olympics.
The United States is by far the most successful nation in the event, with 21 gold medals and 44 medals in total. The next most successful nation is Great Britain with three gold among its 13 medals. The 1908 men's 400 metres saw the only walkover in Olympic history, as the American finalists refused to compete in a re-run due to British rules.[1]
Medal summary
Men
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Multiple medalists
| Rank | Athlete | Nation | Olympics | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Johnson, MichaelMichael Johnson |  United States (USA) | 1996–2000 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| 2 | Lewis, SteveSteve Lewis | United States (USA) | 1988–1992 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
| 2 | Wariner, JeremyJeremy Wariner | United States (USA) | 2004–2008 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
| 2 | James, KiraniKirani James |  Grenada (GRN) | 2012–2016 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
| 5 | Merritt, LaShawnLaShawn Merritt | United States (USA) | 2008–2016 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| 6 | McKenley, HerbHerb McKenley |  Jamaica (JAM) | 1948–1952 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 7 | Butler, GuyGuy Butler |  Great Britain (GBR) | 1920–1924 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
Medals by country
| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | United States (USA) | 19 | 13 | 11 | 38 |
| 2 | Great Britain (GBR) | 2 | 3 | 2 | 7 |
| 3 | Jamaica (JAM) | 2 | 2 | 1 | 5 |
| 4= | South Africa (RSA) | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| 4= |  Soviet Union (URS) | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| 6= |  Cuba (CUB) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 6= | Grenada (GRN) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 8 |  Germany (GER)[nb] | 0 | 3 | 1 | 4 |
| 9= |  Canada (CAN) | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 9= |  Trinidad and Tobago (TRI) | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 11= |  Australia (AUS) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 11= |  Ivory Coast (CIV) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 11= |  Dominican Republic (DOM) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 14 |  Kenya (KEN) | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| 15= |  Denmark (DEN) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 15= |  East Germany (GDR) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 15= |  Finland (FIN) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 15= |  Poland (POL) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 15= |  Sweden (SWE) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 15= |  Uganda (UGA) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
- nb The German total includes teams both competing as Germany and the Unified Team of Germany, but not East or West Germany.
Women
Multiple medalists
| Rank | Athlete | Nation | Olympics | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | PerecMarie-José Pérec |  France (FRA) | 1992–1996 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| 2= | Bryzgina, OlgaOlga Bryzgina | Soviet Union (URS) Unified Team (EUN) | 1988–1992 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
| 2= | Freeman, CathyCathy Freeman | Australia (AUS) | 1996–2000 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
| 2= | Ohuruogu, ChristineChristine Ohuruogu | Great Britain (GBR) | 2008–2012 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
| 5 | Richards-Ross, SanyaSanya Richards-Ross | United States (USA) | 2008–2012 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| 6 | Lathan, ChristinaChristina Lathan | East Germany (GDR) | 1976–1980 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
Medalists by country
| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | France (FRA) | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
| 2 | East Germany (GDR) | 2 | 2 | 2 | 6 |
| 3 | United States (USA) | 2 | 1 | 3 | 6 |
| 4 | Australia (AUS) | 2 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
| 5 | Great Britain (GBR) | 1 | 3 | 2 | 6 |
| 6 | Soviet Union (URS) | 1 | 0 | 2 | 3 |
| 7= | South Africa (RSA) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 7= | Poland (POL) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 7= | Bahamas (BAH) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 9 | Jamaica (JAM) | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 10= |  Czechoslovakia (TCH) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 10= |  Mexico (MEX) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 10= | Unified Team (EUN) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 10= | West Germany (FRG) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 14= |  Colombia (COL) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 14= |  Nigeria (NGR) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 14= |  Russia (RUS) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Olympic record progression
Men
| Time | Athlete | Nation | Games | Round | Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 56.8 | Jamison, HerbertHerbert Jamison | United States (USA) |
1896 | Heat 1 | |
| 54.2 | Burke, TomTom Burke | United States (USA) |
1896 | Final | |
| 50.4 | Long, MaxieMaxie Long | United States (USA) |
1900 | Heat 1 | |
| 49.4 | Long, MaxieMaxie Long | United States (USA) |
1900 | Final | |
| 49.2 | Hillman, HarryHarry Hillman | United States (USA) |
1904 | Finl | |
| 48.4 | Halswelle, WyndhamWyndham Halswelle | Great Britain (GBR) |
1904 | Quarterfinal 2 | |
| 48.2 | Reidpath, CharlesCharles Reidpath | United States (USA) |
1912 | Final | |
| 48.0 | Imbach, JosephJoseph Imbach |  Switzerland (SUI) |
1924 | Quarterfinal 6 | |
| 47.8 | Fitch, HoratioHoratio Fitch | United States (USA) |
1924 | Semifinal 1 | |
| 47.6 WR | Liddell, EricEric Liddell | Great Britain (GBR) |
1924 | Final | |
| 47.2 | Carr, BillBill Carr | United States (USA) |
1932 | Semifinal 1 | |
| 46.2 WR | Carr, BillBill Carr | United States (USA) |
1932 | Final | |
| 46.2 | Wint, ArthurArthur Wint | Jamaica (JAM) |
1948 | Final | |
| 45.9 | Rhoden, GeorgeGeorge Rhoden | Jamaica (JAM) |
1952 | Final | |
| 45.9 | Davis, OtisOtis Davis | United States (USA) |
1960 | Quarterfinal 4 | |
| 45.5 | Davis, OtisOtis Davis | United States (USA) |
1960 | Semifinal 1 | |
| 44.9 WR | Davis, OtisOtis Davis | United States (USA) |
1960 | Final | |
| 44.83 | Evans, LeeLee Evans | United States (USA) |
1968 | Semifinal 2 | |
| 43.86 WR | Evans, LeeLee Evans | United States (USA) |
1968 | Final | |
| 43.71 | Watts, QuincyQuincy Watts | United States (USA) |
1992 | Semifinal 1 | |
| 43.50 | Watts, QuincyQuincy Watts | United States (USA) |
1992 | Final | |
| 43.49 | Johnson, MichaelMichael Johnson | United States (USA) |
1996 | Final | |
| 43.03 WR | van Niekerk, WaydeWayde van Niekerk | South Africa (RSA) |
2016 | Final |
Women
| Time | Athlete | Nation | Games | Round | Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 54.4 | Munkácsi, AntóniaAntónia Munkácsi |  Hungary (HUN) |
1964 | Heat 1 | |
| 53.1 | Packer, AnnAnn Packer | Great Britain (GBR) |
1964 | Heat 3 | |
| 52.7 | Packer, AnnAnn Packer | Great Britain (GBR) |
1964 | Semifinal 1 | |
| 52.0 | Cuthbert, BettyBetty Cuthbert | Australia (AUS) |
1964 | Final | |
| 52.03 | Besson, ColetteColette Besson | France (FRA) |
1968 | Final | |
| 51.94 | Rendina, CharleneCharlene Rendina | Australia (AUS) |
1972 | Heat 1 | |
| 51.71 | Balogh-Szomo, GyörgyiGyörgyi Balogh-Szomo | Hungary (HUN) |
1972 | Quarterfinal 3 | |
| 51.68 | Seidler, HelgaHelga Seidler | East Germany (GDR) |
1972 | Semifinal 1 | |
| 51.47 | Zehrt, MonikaMonika Zehrt | East Germany (GDR) |
1972 | Semifinal 2 | |
| 51.08 | Zehrt, MonikaMonika Zehrt | East Germany (GDR) |
1972 | Final | |
| 50.48 | Szewińska, IrenaIrena Szewińska | Poland (POL) |
1976 | Semifinal 1 | |
| 49.28 WR | Szewińska, IrenaIrena Szewińska | Poland (POL) |
1976 | Final | |
| 48.88 | Koch, MaritaMarita Koch | East Germany (GDR) |
1980 | Final | |
| 48.83 | Brisco-Hooks, ValerieValerie Brisco-Hooks | United States (USA) |
1984 | Final | |
| 48.65 | Bryzhina, OlhaOlha Bryzhina | Soviet Union (URS) |
1988 | Final | |
| 48.25 | PerecMarie-José Pérec | France (FRA) |
1996 | Final |
Intercalated Games
The 1906 Intercalated Games were held in Athens and at the time were officially recognised as part of the Olympic Games series, with the intention being to hold a games in Greece in two-year intervals between the internationally-held Olympics. However, this plan never came to fruition and the International Olympic Committee (IOC) later decided not to recognise these games as part of the official Olympic series. Some sports historians continue to treat the results of these games as part of the Olympic canon.[2]
At this event a men's 400 m was held and Paul Pilgrim, a 1904 Olympic gold medalist in the 4-mile team race, won the competition. Wyndham Halswelle, later the 1908 Olympic champion in the 800 metres, was the runner-up while Australia's Nigel Barker was the bronze medalist.[3]
| Games | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1906 Athens |
 Paul Pilgrim (USA) |
Wyndham Halswelle (GBR) |
Nigel Barker (AUS) |
Non-canonical Olympic events
In addition to the main 1900 Olympic men's 400 metres, a handicap competition was contested seven days after the final. Twenty men entered, with Hungary's Pál Koppán, Germany's Albert Werkmüller and Dave Hall of the United States being the only non-French entrants. Koppán was the victor with a handicap of 35 m, Werkmüller was second with a handicap of 35 m, and Frenchman André Lemonnier took third with a 26 m handicap.[4][5]
Two professionals-only events were also held in 1900. The 400 metres world record holder Edgar Bredin won with a time of 53.2 seconds, ahead of Legrain of France (possibly Paul Legrain) and his compatriot Jules Bouchoux. A handicap professional race was also held but the results have not been located.[5][6]
A handicap 440-yard dash (402.3 m) competition was held at 1904 Summer Olympics after the 1904 Olympic men's 400 m race. An American, F. Darcy, won the race with a time of 50.8 (12-yard start). George Underwood, also of the United States, came second with no handicap and John Peck of Canada came third off a six-yard headstart.[5]
These events are no longer considered part of the official Olympic history of the 400 metres or the athletics programme in general. Consequently, medals from these competitions have not been assigned to nations on the all-time medal tables.[5]
References
- Participation and athlete data
- Athletics Men's 400 metres Medalists. Sports Reference. Retrieved on 2014-02-07.
- Athletics Women's 400 metres Medalists. Sports Reference. Retrieved on 2014-02-07.
- Olympic record progressions
- Mallon, Bill (2012). TRACK & FIELD ATHLETICS - OLYMPIC RECORD PROGRESSIONS. Track and Field News. Retrieved on 2014-02-07.
- Specific
- ↑ London 1908 Olympic Games. Britannica. Retrieved on 2014-05-25.
- ↑ 1906 Athina Summer Games. Sports Reference. Retrieved on 2014-01-26.
- ↑ Athletics at the 1906 Athina Summer Games: Men's 400 metres. Sports Reference. Retrieved on 2014-01-26.
- ↑ Athletics at the 1900 Paris Summer Games: Men's 400 metres, Handicap. Sports Reference. Retrieved on 2014-06-28.
- 1 2 3 4 Handicap Olympic Athletics Events. GBR Athletics. Retrieved on 2014-04-18.
- ↑ Athletics at the 1900 Paris Summer Games: Men's 400 metres, Professionals. Sports Reference. Retrieved on 2014-06-28.
External links
- IAAF 400 metres homepage
- Official Olympics website
- Olympic athletics records from Track & Field News