Samidorphan

Samidorphan
Clinical data
Routes of
administration		 Oral
Pharmacokinetic data
Biological half-life 7–9 hours[1]
Identifiers
Synonyms ALKS-33, RDC-0313; 3-Carboxamido-4-hydroxynaltrexone
CAS Number 852626-89-2 YesY
PubChem (CID) 11667832
ChemSpider 23259667
UNII 7W2581Z5L8 YesY
KEGG D10162 YesY
Chemical and physical data
Formula C21H26N2O4
Molar mass 370.441 g/mol
3D model (Jmol) Interactive image

Samidorphan (INN, USAN) (developmental code names ALKS-33, RDC-0313), also known as 3-carboxamido-4-hydroxynaltrexone, is an opioid antagonist that preferentially acts as an antagonist of the μ-opioid receptor (MOR). It is under development by Alkermes for the treatment of major depressive disorder and possibly other psychiatric conditions.[2]

Development

Samidorphan has been investigated for the treatment of alcoholism and cocaine addiction by its developer, Alkermes,[3][4] showing similar efficacy to naltrexone but possibly with reduced side effects.

However, it has attracted much more attention as part of the combination product ALKS-5461, where samidorphan is combined with the mixed MOR weak partial agonist and κ-opioid receptor (KOR) antagonist buprenorphine, as an antidepressant. Buprenorphine has shown antidepressant effects in some human studies, thought to be because of its antagonist effects at the KOR, but has not been further developed for this application because of its MOR agonist effects and consequent abuse potential. By combining buprenorphine with samidorphan to block the MOR agonist effects, the combination acts more like a selective KOR antagonist, and produces only antidepressant effects, without typical MOR effects such as euphoria or substance dependence being evident.[5][6]

Samidorphan is also being studied in combination with olanzapine, as ALKS-3831, for use in schizophrenia.[7] It is hoped it will be effective while resulting in less weight gain. Phase II studies have begun.[8]

Pharmacology

The known activity profile of samidorphan at the opioid receptors is as follows:[9][10]

As such, samidorphan is primarily an antagonist or extremely weak partial agonist of the MOR, and also acts, to a lesser extent, as a weak partial agonist of the KOR and as a weak partial agonist of the DOR.[9][10] In accordance with its in vitro profile, samidorphan has been observed to produce some side effects that are potentially consistent with activation of the KOR such as somnolence, sedation, dizziness, and hallucinations in some patients in clinical trials at the doses tested.[11]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of samidorphan, a novel opioid antagonist, in healthy volunteers Clin Ther. 2015 Feb 1;37(2):338-48. doi: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2014.10.001. Epub 2014 Oct 29.
  2. ↑ http://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800029336
  3. ↑ Hillemacher, T.; Heberlein, A.; Muschler, M. A.; Bleich, S.; Frieling, H. (2011). "Opioid modulators for alcohol dependence". Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs. 20 (8): 1073–1086. doi:10.1517/13543784.2011.592139. PMID 21651459.
  4. ↑ ALK33BUP-101: Safety and Pharmacodynamic Effects of ALKS 33-BUP Administered Alone and When Co-administered With Cocaine
  5. ↑ ALKS 5461 drug found to reduce depressive symptoms in Phase 1/2 study
  6. ↑ Investigational ALKS 5461 Channels ‘Opium Cure’ for Depression
  7. ↑ "Will Alkermes' Antipsychotic ALKS-3831 Become Another Tredaptive?". Forbes. Jan 15, 2013.
  8. ↑ "A Study of ALKS 3831 in Subjects With Schizophrenia and Alcohol Use Disorder".
  9. 1 2 Linda P. Dwoskin (29 January 2014). Emerging Targets & Therapeutics in the Treatment of Psychostimulant Abuse. Elsevier Science. pp. 398–399, 402–403. ISBN 978-0-12-420177-4.
  10. 1 2 Wentland, Mark P.; Lou, Rongliang; Lu, Qun; Bu, Yigong; Denhardt, Christoph; Jin, Jin; Ganorkar, Rakesh; VanAlstine, Melissa A.; Guo, Chengyun; Cohen, Dana J.; Bidlack, Jean M. (2009). "Syntheses of novel high affinity ligands for opioid receptors". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 19 (8): 2289–2294. doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.02.078. ISSN 0960-894X.
  11. ↑ McElroy, Susan L.; Guerdjikova, Anna I.; Blom, Thomas J.; Crow, Scott J.; Memisoglu, Asli; Silverman, Bernard L.; Ehrich, Elliot W. (2013). "A placebo-controlled pilot study of the novel opioid receptor antagonist ALKS-33 in binge eating disorder". International Journal of Eating Disorders. 46 (3): 239–245. doi:10.1002/eat.22114. ISSN 0276-3478.
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