Queen Elizabeth Islands

Queen Elizabeth Islands, northern Canada.

  Nunavut

  Northwest Territories

  Quebec

  Greenland

The Queen Elizabeth Islands (French: Îles de la Reine-Élisabeth; formerly Parry Islands or Parry Archipelago) are the northernmost cluster of islands in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, split between Nunavut and Northwest Territories in Northern Canada. The Queen Elizabeth Islands contain approximately 14% of the global glacier and ice cap area.^[1] (excluding the inland and shelf ice sheets of Greenland and Antarctica).

Geography

The islands, together 419,061 km² (161,800 sq mi)^[2] in area, were renamed as a group after Elizabeth II on her coronation as Queen of Canada in 1953. Most are uninhabited although the Natural Resources Canada's Climate Change Geoscience Program Earth Sciences Sector (ESS), has monitors on the islands.^[3] In 1969 Panarctic Oils, now part of Suncor began operating exploration oil wells in the Sverdrup and Franklinian basins and planned on establishing its resource base in the Queen Elizabeth Islands. It ceased production in the 1970s. At the 2013 GeoConvention the Arctic Islands region were called Canada's perpetual "last petroleum exploration frontier". Hogg and Enachescu argued that the development and implementation of advanced marine and land seismic technologies in Alaska, Northern Europe and Siberia could be modified for use in the Queen Elizabeth Islands.^[4]

First sighted by Europeans in 1616, the Queen Elizabeth Islands were not fully explored and charted until the British Northwest Passage expeditions and later Norwegian exploration of the 19th century.

These islands were known as the Parry Archipelago for over 130 years. They were first named after British Arctic explorer Sir William Parry, who sailed there in 1820, aboard the Hecla. Since the renaming of the archipelago in 1953, the term Parry Islands continued to be used for its southwestern part (less Ellesmere Island and Sverdrup Islands). The regional break down of the archipelago is therefore as follows:

• Ellesmere Island
• Sverdrup Islands
• Parry Islands

Ellesmere Island is the northernmost and by far the largest. The Sverdrup Islands are located west of Ellesmere Island and north of Norwegian Bay. The remaining islands further south and west, but north of Lancaster Sound, Viscount Melville Sound and McClure Strait have been carrying the name Parry Islands, which name until 1953 had also included the Sverdrup Islands and Ellesmere Island. South of Lancaster Sound, Viscount Melville Sound and McClure Strait are the remaining islands of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago.

Major islands

Many of the islands are among the largest in the world, the largest being Ellesmere Island. Other major islands include Amund Ringnes Island, Axel Heiberg Island, Bathurst Island, Borden Island, Cornwall Island, Cornwallis Island, Devon Island, Eglinton Island, Ellef Ringnes Island, Mackenzie King Island, Melville Island, and Prince Patrick Island.^[2]

Smaller islands

Other smaller but notable islands include; Beechey Island (74°43′N 091°51′W / 74.717°N 91.850°W / 74.717; -91.850 (Beechey Island)), which held the graves of Petty Officer John Torrington, Royal Marine Private William Braine, and Able Seaman John Hartnell, three members of Sir John Franklin's crew,^[5][6] Hans Island (80°49′41″N 066°27′35″W / 80.82806°N 66.45972°W / 80.82806; -66.45972 (Hans Island)), a small, uninhabited barren knoll measuring 1.3 km² (0.50 sq mi) whose ownership is disputed by Canada and Denmark,^[7] the Cheyne Islands (76°18′22″N 097°31′12″W / 76.30611°N 97.52000°W / 76.30611; -97.52000 (Cheyne Islands)), three small (0.73 km² (0.28 sq mi) together) islands that are Important Bird Area (#NU049) and a Key Migratory Bird Terrestrial Habitat site (NU site 5)^[8] and Skraeling Island (78°54′42″N 075°37′58″W / 78.91167°N 75.63278°W / 78.91167; -75.63278 (Skraeling Island)) an important archaeological site where Inuit (Dorset, Thule) and Norse artifacts have been found.^[9] They consist of Silurian and Carboniferous rocks covered with tundra.

Population

With a population of less than 400, the islands are nearly uninhabited. There are only three permanently inhabited places in the islands. The two municipalities are the hamlets of Resolute (population 229 as of the 2006 census^[10]), on Cornwallis Island, and Grise Fiord (population 141 as of the 2006 census),^[11] on Ellesmere Island. Alert with a population of 5 as of the 2006 census^[12] is an Environment Canada weather station, a Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) atmosphere monitoring laboratory on Ellesmere Island, has several temporary inhabitants due to the co-located CFS Alert. Eureka, a small research base on Ellesmere Island, has a population of zero but at least 8 staff on a continuous rotational basis.

  Abandoned   Permanent Settlement   Seasonally Occupied

Name	Image	Type	Island	Population	Established	Coordinates	Notes
Alert		Weather Station, Military Station	Ellesmere	5	1950[Note 1]	82°30′N 62°20′W / 82.500°N 62.333°W / 82.500; -62.333 (Alert)	Most northernmost permanent settlement in the world Also called CFS Alert
Alexandra Fiord		Science Research Station	Ellesmere	0	1953	78°54′N 75°59′W / 78.900°N 75.983°W / 78.900; -75.983 (Alexandra Fiord)	Used as a Royal Canadian Mounted Police Police Station from 1953-1963. At the time, it was the northernmost police station in the world.
Camp Hazen		Warden Station	Ellesmere	0	1957	81°49′N 62°19′W / 81.817°N 62.317°W / 81.817; -62.317 (Camp Hazen)	Used as a research station from 1957-1958 for Operation Hazen Owned by Parks Canada and currently used as an access point to Quttinirpaaq National Park of Canada
Craig Harbour		Royal Canadian Mounted Police Detachment	Ellesmere	0		76°12′N 81°01′W / 76.200°N 81.017°W / 76.200; -81.017 (Craig Harbour)	Was established in 1922 to protect Canadian sovereignty of the island[13]
Dundas Harbour			Ellesmere	0		74°31′N 82°23′W / 74.517°N 82.383°W / 74.517; -82.383 (Dundas Harbour)	established in 1924 to create a government presence to curb foreign whaling and other activity in the area[14]
Eureka		Research Station	Ellesmere	0	1947	79°59′N 82°23′W / 79.983°N 82.383°W / 79.983; -82.383 (Dundas Harbour)	Was founded in 1947 as part of a requirement to set up a network of Arctic weather stations
Flashline Mars Arctic Research Station		Research Station	Devon	0	1999	75°25′N 89°49′W / 75.417°N 89.817°W / 75.417; -89.817 (Flashline Mars Arctic Research Station)	The structures were built in 2000
Fort Conger		Research Station	Ellesmere	0	1883	81°43′N 64°43′W / 81.717°N 64.717°W / 81.717; -64.717 (Fort Conger)	Established in 1881 but abandoned several decades later
Grise Fiord		Hamlet	Ellesmere	130	1953	76°25′N 82°53′W / 76.417°N 82.883°W / 76.417; -82.883 (Grise Fiord)	Grise Fiord is the northernmost civilian settlement in Canada
Isachsen		Weather Station, Research Station	Ellef Ringnes	0	1948	78°46′N 103°29′W / 78.767°N 103.483°W / 78.767; -103.483 (Isachsen)	An Automated Surface Observing System was placed at the site in 1989, linked by satellite communications to Southern Canada
McGill Arctic Research Station		Research Station	Axel Heiberg	0	1959	79°20′N 91°58′W / 79.333°N 91.967°W / 79.333; -91.967 (McGill Arctic Research Station)	Owned by McGill University
Mould Bay		Weather Station, Airport	Prince Patrick	0	1948	76°14′N 119°19′W / 76.233°N 119.317°W / 76.233; -119.317 (Mould Bay)	Former Environment Canada Weather Station Still Occasionally visited by members of the Canadian Forces
Resolute		Hamlet	Cornwallis	229	1947	74°41′N 94°49′W / 74.683°N 94.817°W / 74.683; -94.817 (Resolute)	Most populous settlement in the Queen Elizabeth Islands The community is second most northernmost community in Canada, only behind Grise Fiord

Formerly manned stations were Mould Bay on Prince Patrick Island, Isachsen on Ellef Ringnes Island, and Fort Conger on Ellesmere Island.

Abandoned settlements are Dundas Harbour on Devon Island and Craig Harbour on Ellesmere Island.

Administration

Until 1999, the Queen Elizabeth Islands were part of the Baffin Region of the Northwest Territories.

With the creation of the Nunavut in 1999 all islands and fractions of islands of the archipelago east of the 110th meridian west became part of Qikiqtaaluk Region of the new territory, which was the major portion of the archipelago. The rest remained with the now-reduced Northwest Territories. Borden Island, Mackenzie King Island and Melville Island were divided between the two territories.

Prince Patrick Island, Eglinton Island and Emerald Island are the only notable islands that are now completely part of the Northwest Territories.

Below the level of the territory, there is the municipal level of administration. On that level, there are only two municipalities, Resolute and Grise Fiord, with an aggregate area of 450 km² (170 sq mi) (0.11 percent of the area of the Queen Elizabeth Islands), but with most of the population of the archipelago (370 out of 375). The remaining 99.89 percent are unincorporated area, with a census 2006 population of five, all in Alert.

Overview of the islands

According to the Atlas of Canada there are 34 larger and 2,092 smaller islands in the archipelago.^[2] With the exception of Ellesmere Island, they fall into two groups, the Sverdrup Islands and the Parry Islands:

Glaciers and ice caps

The Queen Elizabeth Islands contain four glaciers that represent c.14% of all glaciers and ice caps in the world.^[1] According to a 2011 report, the largest of the four, the Devon Ice Cap measured 1,699 km² (656 sq mi)(northwest sector only); the Meighen Ice Cap measured 75 km² (29 sq mi); the Melville South Ice Cap measured 52 km² (20 sq mi) and the White Glacier, Axel Heiberg Island glacier was 39 km² (15 sq mi).^[1] The size of these glaciers has been measured since 1961 and their results published in such distinguished journals as the International Glaciological Society's Annals of Glaciology.^[1][49][50] Of the four ice caps that the federal government's NRCan's Climate Change Geoscience Program Earth Sciences Sector (ESS), monitors onsite in the Canadian High Arctic, three are in the Queen Elizabeth Islands: Devon, Meighen and Melville.^[3] In a memo to Earth Sciences Sector (ESS) in Canada's High Arctic indicates that shrinking of ice caps started in the late 1980s, and has accelerated rapidly since 2005," says an October 2013 memo to NRCan's deputy minister, who reports to federal Natural Resources Minister Joe Oliver.

Computer analysis of a glacier inventory of Axel Heiberg Island was undertaken in the 1960s.^[51] Later inventories of the World Glacier Monitoring Service under the direction of Fritz Müller, who worked on glacier inventories internationally, included the Axel Heiberg Island glacier.^[52]

See also

• List of islands of Canada
• List of Canadian islands by area
• List of Islands in the Queen Elizabeth Islands

References

External links

• "Bathurst Island". Archived from the original on 2010-12-23. Retrieved 2010-08-25.  at oceandots.com
• Cornwall Island at oceandots.com
• Meighen Island at the Wayback Machine (archived December 23, 2010) at oceandots.com
• "Prince Patrick Island". Archived from the original on 2010-12-23. Retrieved 2009-08-17.  CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link) at oceandots.com
• "New and Precise Depiction of the Southern Part of America, Which Includes: Brazil, the Caribbean, the New Kingdom of Guiana, Castilia del Oro, Nicaragua, the Antilles, and Peru: And Beneath the Tropic of Capricorn, Chile, the Rio de la Plato, Patagonia & the Straits of Magellan" is a map from 1602 that shows the islands.