Pelican Lagoon

Pelican Lagoon
Pelican Lagoon
Pelican Lagoon Location in South Australia
Location	Kangaroo Island, South Australia
Coordinates	35°49′10″S 137°47′24″E / 35.81944°S 137.79000°E / -35.81944; 137.79000Coordinates: 35°49′10″S 137°47′24″E / 35.81944°S 137.79000°E / -35.81944; 137.79000[1]
Type	seawater lagoon
Basin countries	Australia
Max. length	4.5 kilometres (2.8 mi).[2]
Max. width	6 kilometres (3.7 mi)[2]
Surface area	1,520 hectares (3,800 acres)[3]
Max. depth	10 metres (33 ft)[3]
Salinity	sea water
Islands	Goanna Islet, Pig Islet, Rabbit Islet, Shag Rock, Samphire Islet, Wallaby Islet and several unnamed islands[3]
Settlements	Pelican Lagoon[1] Muston[1]

Pelican Lagoon is a seawater lagoon in the Australian state of South Australia located on the north coast of Kangaroo Island about 18.7 kilometres (11.6 mi) south east of Kingscote. It was named by Matthew Flinders on 4 April 1802 after the large population of pelicans present in its waters and adjoining shorelines. Its role as fishery hatchery had been identified by the early 20th century with the result that fishing in its waters has been restricted in varying degrees. Since 1971, the entire lagoon has been part of a marine protected area known as the American River Aquatic Reserve where all fishing and the collection of marine organisms is prohibited.

Description

Pelican Lagoon is a seawater lagoon located about 2.9 kilometres (1.8 mi) south of American River and about 18.7 kilometres (11.6 mi) south east of Kingscote. The lagoon is bounded by Dudley Peninsula to the east, the main body of Kangaroo Island to the west, an isthmus connecting the above-mentioned bodies of land to the south and an unnamed peninsula to the north that separates it from Eastern Cove. The lagoon is connected to Eastern Cove in Nepean Bay by an inlet named American River.^[4] Hog Bay Road which is the main road connecting Penneshaw to Kingscote passes on the east and south sides of the lagoon.^[5][6][7][8]

The lagoon itself consists of two branches - one on the east side and the other on the west side which was described as being the ‘southern branch’ by Flinders in 1802.^[9] The lagoon is drained of water by tidal flow via a narrow channel of 3 to 5 metres (9.8–16.4 ft) in depth and which passes through the west branch in order to reach the east branch. The tidal flow is reported as being as high as 3 knots (5.6 km/h; 3.5 mph).^[3]

The west branch has an average water depth of 0.9 metres (2 ft 11 in) presumably at low water while the eastern branch has several deeper areas - the majority of its north side ranges in depth from 3 to 9.9 metres (9.8–32.5 ft) and its south side has a number of deeper areas in the range of 1 to 2.9 metres (3.3–9.5 ft).^[3]

Islets

A number of islets are present within Pelican Lagoon. Six of these are named as follows (from east to west): Rabbit Islet, Goanna Islet, Pig Islet, Wallaby Islet, Shag Rock and Samphire Islet.^[3]

Flora and fauna

Flora

Terrestrial

The islands within the lagoon support heathlands dominated by Coastal Daisybush and Thyme Riceflower. The coastline enclosing the lagoon supports a range of vegetation types dominated by heathlands of Acacia leiophylla and Orthrosanthus multiflorus, herb lands of Senecio odoratus, coastal mallee scrub of Eucalyptus diversifolia, samphire flats and grazed grasslands.^[7]

Intertidal and sub tidal

Samphire grows on the mud flats within the lagoon which are exposed at low water. The subtidal areas of the lagoon are dominated by the seagrass species of Heterozostera tasmanica and Posidonia australis. Various algae species are also present.^[7]

Fauna

Terrestrial

Waterbirds that use the lagoon include nine species that breed in the locality such as the chestnut teal, pied oystercatcher, sooty oystercatcher and caspian tern. Seventeen waterbird species are listed on international migratory treaties with sixteen listed on the Japan-Australia Migratory Bird Agreement (JAMBA) and seventeen listed on the China-Australia Migratory Bird Agreement (CAMBA).^[7] As of 1996, Black tiger snakes were reported as being present on the islands within the lagoon.^[10]

Intertidal and sub tidal

The lagoon is reported as a breeding site for the little penguin.^[7] The lagoon supports a number of marine animal species considered to be commercially valuable. These include sand crab, king scallop, queen scallop, razorfish (Pinna bicolor), southern calamari, flathead, King George whiting, leatherjacket, red mullet, snook, Southern Sea garfish, tommy ruff, trevally and Western Australian salmon.^[11] The lagoon is also reported as being home for a pod of bottle-nosed dolphins.^[7]

History

European discovery and use

The lagoon was discovered by Flinders on 4 April 1802 and was named in recognition of the large pelican population present at the time.^[9] Since the establishment of South Australia, the lagoon has also been known as American River.^[12] The islands within the lagoon were mined for guano under licence from the South Australian Government prior to 1919.^[13] As early as May 1905, fishing by the use of nets was prohibited both in Pelican Lagoon and adjoining waters in both American River and Eastern Cove.^[14] As early as 1908, the role of ‘Pelican Lagoon on the American River’ as a hatchery area was acknowledged by the South Australian government via statements attributed to Mr. S. McIntosh, the then Deputy Chief Inspector of Fisheries.^[15] By early 1925, the lagoon was reported as being closed to all types of fishing.^[16]

Ports and other settlements

Pelican Lagoon is bounded to the west by the locality of Muston and to the south and to the east by the locality of Pelican Lagoon which both include land zoned for residential accommodation ^[1][17]

Protected area status

The lagoon is associated with three protected areas. The first is the American River Aquatic Reserve which covers the entire lagoon.^[5] The second is the Pelican Lagoon Conservation Park which includes five of the islands in the lagoon and much of the land on the peninsula to the north of the lagoon.^[18] The third is the Encounter Marine Park.^[19] The lagoon is also appears on a list of nationally important wetlands in South Australia as part of the ‘American River Wetland System’.^[20]

Citations and references

Citations

References

• "American River Marine and Coastal Area, Sapphiretown Rd, American River, SA (Place ID 100822)". Australian Heritage Database. Department of the Environment. Retrieved 2008-07-30. 
• Anon (2001). A Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia (PDF). 3rd edition. Canberra.: Environment Australia. ISBN 0-642-54721-1. 
• Anon (1987). Conservation Parks of Kangaroo Island Management Plan (PDF). Adelaide: Department of Environment and Planning, South Australia. ISBN 0-7243-8983-0. 
• Boating Industry Association of South Australia (BIA); South Australia. Department for Environment and Heritage (2005), South Australia's waters an atlas & guide, Boating Industry Association of South Australia, ISBN 978-1-86254-680-6 
• South Australia. Department of Marine and Harbors (DMH) (1985), The Waters of South Australia a series of charts, sailing notes and coastal photographs, Dept. of Marine and Harbors, South Australia, ISBN 978-0-7243-7603-2 
• "Development Plan, Kangaroo Island Council, Consolidated – 20 February 2014" (PDF). Department of Planning, Transport and Infrastructure (DPTI). Retrieved 8 March 2016. 
• Flinders, Matthew (1966) [1814]. A Voyage to Terra Australis : undertaken for the purpose of completing the discovery of that vast country, and prosecuted in the years 1801, 1802, and 1803 in His Majesty's ship the Investigator, and subsequently in the armed vessel Porpoise and Cumberland Schooner; with an account of the shipwreck of the Porpoise, arrival of the Cumberland at Mauritius, and imprisonment of the commander during six years and a half in that island. (Facsimile ed.). Adelaide; Facsimile reprint of: London : G. and W. Nicol, 1814 ed. In two volumes, with an Atlas (3 volumes): Libraries Board of South Australia. Retrieved 5 January 2014. 
• Primary Industries and Regions South Australia (PIRSA) (2007). "Aquatic Reserve: American River" (PDF). Primary Industries and Regions South Australia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 October 2014. 
• Primary Industries and Regions South Australia (PIRSA) (2012), Management Plan for the Pelican Lagoon Aquatic Reserve; The South Australian Fisheries Management Series Paper number 56 (PDF), Primary Industries and Regions South Australia, ISBN 978-0-9807387-2-8, archived from the original on 4 September 2014 
• Robinson, A. C.; Canty, P.; Mooney, T.; Rudduck, P. (1996). "South Australia's offshore islands" (PDF). Australian Heritage Commission. ISBN 978-0-644-35011-2. Retrieved 13 December 2013. 

Kangaroo Island
Major townships	American River Kingscote Parndana Penneshaw
Beaches	American Beach Baudin Beach Brown Beach D'Estrees Bay Emu Bay Island Beach Nepean Bay Vivonne Bay
Coastal features	Western end of island Cape Borda Cape du Couedic Cape Gantheaume D'Estrees Bay Fides Bluff Maupertuis Bay Nepean Bay Pelican Lagoon Point Marsden Ravine des Casoars Stokes Bay Vivonne Bay Dudley Peninsula Cape St Albans Cape Willoughby Kangaroo Head
Protected areas	National parks Flinders Chase Conservation parks Baudin Beatrice Islet Beyeria Busby Islet Cape Gantheaume Cape Willoughby Cygnet Estuary Dudley Kelly Hill Lashmar Lathami Lesueur Mount Taylor Nepean Bay Parndana Pelican Lagoon Seal Bay Seddon Simpson Vivonne Aquatic reserves American River Bales Beach Seal Bay Wilderness Protection Areas Cape Bouguer Cape Gantheaume Cape Torrens Ravine des Casoars Western River
Islands adjacent to Kangaroo Island coast	Beatrice Islets Busby Islet Casuarina Islets Douglas Rock Nobby Islet Paisley Islet Pelican Lagoon Islets Pelorus Islet
Related and uncategorised	County of Carnarvon Hundred of Dudley Kangaroo Island bushfires Kangaroo Island Council Kangaroo Island wine region Kingscote Airport Middle River Reservoir
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