m,n,k-game

An 11,10,5 game

An m,n,k-game is an abstract board game in which two players take turns in placing a stone of their color on an m×n board, the winner being the player who first gets k stones of their own color in a row, horizontally, vertically, or diagonally.[1][2] Thus, tic-tac-toe is the 3,3,3-game and free-style gomoku is the 19,19,5-game. m,n,k-game is also called a k-in-a-row game on m×n board.

m,n,k-games are mainly of mathematical interest. One seeks to find the game-theoretic value, which is the result of the game with perfect play. This is known as solving the game.

Strategy stealing argument

A standard strategy stealing argument from combinatorial game theory shows that in no m,n,k-game can there be a strategy that assures that the second player will win (a second-player winning strategy). This is because an extra stone given to either player in any position can only improve that player's chances. The strategy stealing argument assumes that the second player has a winning strategy and demonstrates a winning strategy for the first player. The first player makes an arbitrary move to begin with. After that, the player pretends that he is the second player and adopts the second player's winning strategy. He can do this as long as the strategy doesn't call for placing a stone on the 'arbitrary' square that is already occupied. If this happens, though, he can again play an arbitrary move and continue as before with the second player's winning strategy. Since an extra stone cannot hurt him, this is a winning strategy for the first player. The contradiction implies that the original assumption is false, and the second player cannot have a winning strategy.

This argument tells nothing about whether a particular game is a draw or a win for the first player. Also, it does not actually give a strategy for the first player.

Applying results to different board sizes

A useful notion is a "weak (m,n,k) game", where k-in-a-row by the second player does not end the game with a second player win.

If weak (m,n,k) is a draw, then any smaller (in m and n) normal and weak (m,n,k) games are also a draw.

Conversely, if weak or normal (m,n,k) is a win, then any larger weak (m,n,k) is a win.

Note that proofs of draws using pairing strategies also prove a draw for the weak version and thus for all smaller versions.

General results

The following statements refer to the first player, assuming that both players use an optimal strategy.

Specific results

Multidimensional variant

It is possible to consider variants played on a multidimensional instead of a bidimensional board.

For the case of k-in-a-row where the board is an n-dimensional hypercube with all edges with length k, Hales and Jewett proved[3] that the game is a draw if k is odd and

k ≥ 3n - 1

or if k is even and

k ≥ 2n+1 - 2.

They conjecture that the game is a draw also when the number of cells is at least twice the number of lines, which happens if and only if

2 kn ≥ (k + 2)n.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 J. W. H. M. Uiterwijk and H. J van der Herik, The advantage of the initiative, Information Sciences 122 (1) (2000) 43-58.
  2. 1 2 H. Jaap van den Herik, Jos W.H.M. Uiterwijk, Jack van Rijswijck (2002). "Games solved: Now and in the future". Artificial Intelligence.
  3. Elwyn R. Berlekamp, John Horton Conway, Richard K. Guy. "Winning ways for your mathematical plays, Volume 3", A K Peters (2003)
This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the 11/27/2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.