Kam–Sui languages
| Kam–Sui | |
|---|---|
| Dong–Shui | |
| Geographic distribution: | eastern Guizhou, western Hunan, and northern Guangxi |
| Linguistic classification: |
|
| Glottolog: | kams1241[1] |
The Kam–Sui languages (Chinese: 侗水語支; pinyin: Dòng-Shǔi) are a branch of the Tai–Kadai languages spoken by the Kam–Sui peoples. They are spoken mainly in eastern Guizhou, western Hunan, and northern Guangxi in southern China. Small pockets of Kam–Sui speakers are also found in northern Vietnam and Laos.[2]
Classification
Kam–Sui includes a dozen languages. The Lakkja and Biao languages are sometimes separated out as a sister branch to Kam–Sui within a "Be–Kam–Tai" branch of Kradai, but this is not well supported. Otherwise the languages are not subclassified.
The better known Kam–Sui languages are Dong (Kam), with over a million speakers, Mulam, Maonan, and Sui. Other Kam–Sui languages include Ai-Cham, Mak, and T’en, and Chadong, which is the most recently discovered Kam–Sui language. Yang (2000) considers Ai-Cham and Mak to be dialects of a single language.[3]
Graham Thurgood (1988) presents the following tentative classification for the Kam–Sui branch.[4] Chadong, a language which has only been recently described by Chinese linguist Jinfang Li, is also included below. It is most closely related to Maonan.[5]
| Kam–Sui |
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |
Biao and Lakkja, which are of uncertain classification, may be the closest relatives of the Kam–Sui branch; Biao may even be a divergent Kam–Sui language.
Demographics
Nearly all speakers of Kam–Sui languages originate in the Qiandongnan (Dong) and Qiannan (Sui, Then, Mak, Ai-Cham) Prefectures of Guizhou, as well as the prefecture-level cities of Hechi (Mulam and Maonan) and Guilin (Chadong) in northern Guangxi. Many Kam–Sui speakers have also migrated to farther urban areas such as Guangzhou.
Small groups of Kam and Sui speakers also reside in Tuyên Quang Province, Vietnam, in the villages of Đồng Mộc and Hồng Quang, respectively.
By language
- Mulam 佬 – Luocheng Mulao Autonomous County 罗城仫佬族自治县, Hechi, northern Guangxi; Qiandongnan Prefecture, southeastern Guizhou
- Dong 侗 – Qiandongnan Prefecture, southeastern Guizhou
- Then 佯僙/佯爷 – Pingtang County 平塘县, Qiannan Prefecture, southern Guizhou
- Maonan 毛南 – Huanjiang Maonan Autonomous County 环江毛南族自治县, Hechi, northern Guangxi
- Chadong 茶洞 – Chadong Township, Lingui County 临桂县, Guilin, northeastern Guangxi
- Sui 水 – Sandu Shui Autonomous County 黔南布依族苗族自治州, Qiannan Prefecture, southern Guizhou
- Mak 莫 – Libo County 荔波县, Qiannan Prefecture, southern Guizhou
- Ai-Cham 锦 – Libo County 荔波县, Qiannan Prefecture, southern Guizhou
By location
(Listed counterclockwise: east to north to west to south)
- Guizhou
- Qiandongnan – Dong; 1,500,000 speakers
- Qiannan
- Sandu County – Sui; 300,000 speakers
- Pingtang County – Then; 15,000 speakers
- Libo County – Mak and Ai-Cham; 10,000 and 2,700 speakers
- Guangxi
- Hechi
- Luocheng County – Mulam; 86,000 speakers
- Huanjiang County – Maonan; 30,000 speakers
- Guilin (Lingui County) – Chadong; 20,000 speakers
- Hechi
By population
There is a total of about 2 million Kam–Sui speakers.
The four largest Kam–Sui ethnic groups, the Dong, Shui, Mulao, and Maonan, are officially recognized by the Chinese government. Non-recognized Kam–Sui ethnic groups (Chadong, Then, Mak, Ai-Cham) who can still speak their own languages number less than 50,000.
- Dong: about 1,500,000 speakers; 1.7 million in 1995
- Sui: 300,000 speakers
- Mulam: 86,000 speakers (ethnic population: 200,000)
- Maonan: 30,000 speakers (ethnic population: 100,000)
- Chadong: 20,000 speakers
- Then: 15,000 speakers
- Mak: 10,000 speakers
- Ai-Cham: 2,700 speakers
Other languages
The following peoples may also speak Kam–Sui languages.[7]
- Mjuniang 谬娘 or Cao Miao 草苗 (ISO 639-3: cov): 60,000 (1991) in Liping, Tongdao, and Sanjiang; closely related to Dong.[8] Speakers are classified as ethnic Miao.
- Naxi Yao 那溪瑶 (autonym: mu2 ɲiu1) is spoken by 2,500 people in Naxi Township 那溪瑶族乡, Dongkou County, Hunan Province, China.[9]
- Diao 调 (刁人): 2,000 (1999) in southeastern Guizhou around Liping and Congjiang; may speak Chinese or Dong.[10] Speakers are classified as ethnic Dong.
- Sanqiao 三锹 (三橇): 5,000 (1999) in Liping and Jinping counties, Guizhou; may be a subgroup of Mjuniang AKA Cao Miao, and thus related to Dong.[11][12] Speakers are classified as either ethnic Miao or Dong.
- Xialusi 下路司: 3,000 (1999) in southeastern Guizhou; classified as Dong, but their linguistic affiliation is unknown (possibly Kam-Sui)[13] Speakers are classified as ethnic Dong.
- Suantang 酸汤: A Sinitic language spoken by about 80,000 ethnic Miao in Baibu 白布, Dihu 地湖, Dabaozi 大堡子, and Sanqiao 三锹 in Tianzhu, Huitong, and Jing counties. (Chen Qiguang 2013:35)[14]
- Shui of Yunnan: 6,800 (1990) in Huangnihe 黃泥河 and Gugan 古敢水族乡,[15] Fuyuan County, Yunnan; 490 (1990) in Dahe and Long'an of Yiliang County.[16] In Gugan, there is a village cluster known as the "Five Shui Villages" 水五寨,[17] consisting of Buzhang 补掌,[18] Dongla 咚喇,[19] Reshui 热水,[20] Dazhai 大寨,[21] and Duzhang 都章.[22] It is still spoken in Xinbao Village 新堡村, Laochang Township 老厂乡, Fuyuan County, Yunnan.[23][24] Also in Dacunzi 大村子, Geyi Township 格宜镇, Xuanwei City.[25][26] However, these are actually all Northern Tai languages (Bouyei) according to Hsiu (2013).[27]
- Tayten: 300 (1995) in the 2 villages of Ban Phia and Ban Tenngiou in Pakxeng District, Luang Prabang Province, Laos; may be related to the Then (Yanghuang) of southern Guizhou, China.[28] It could also possibly be a Khmuic or Tai language.
There are also some languages in southeastern Guizhou, northern Guangxi, and southwestern Hunan that have been influenced by Kam-Sui languages, such as Bendihua 本地话, a Pinghua lect spoken in Tongdao Dong Autonomous County, Hunan.[29]
The Sanqiao are distributed in the following locations of Qiandongnan Prefecture, Guizhou.[30]
- Liping County
- Pingdi Township 平底乡, Shangchong District 尚重区: Cendun 岑趸, Wushan 乌山, Bijie 俾嗟, Yanpi 眼批, Dongweng 董翁, Guidou 归斗, Guiya 归雅, Wule 乌勒, Pingdi 平底, Wupeng 乌碰, Tangtu 塘途, Gaoliang 高练, Biyazhai 俾雅寨
- Dajia Township 大稼乡: Cennuzhai 岑努寨
- Jinping County
- Pinglüe 平略 and Qimeng 启蒙 townships: Zhaizao 寨早, Wendou 文斗, Shengli 胜利, Guben 固本, Xinming 新明, Dicha 地茶, Qimeng 启蒙, Yuhe 玉河
Cao Miao locations include:[31]
- Liping County, Guizhou
- Tangbi Village 塘婢村, Leidong Township 雷洞乡
- Jiujue Village 九厥村, Hongzhou Township 洪州镇
- Guigong 归公, Diping Township 地坪乡
- Guibai 归白, Diping Township 地坪乡
- Pingsong 平松, Shuikou Township 水口镇
- Bashan 八善, Shuikou Township 水口镇
- Gaoze Village 高泽村, Shunhua Township 顺化乡
- Sanjiang Dong Autonomous County, Guangxi
- Fenshui 汾水, Bajiang Township 八江乡
- Gaoya 高亚, Dudong Township 独峒乡
- Rongshui Miao Autonomous County, Guangxi[32]
- Rongtang Village 荣塘村, Sirong Township 四荣乡
Reconstruction
A preliminary of reconstruction of Proto-Kam–Sui had been undertaken by Graham Thurgood.[4] Another reconstruction of Proto-Kam-Sui, mostly based on Thurgood's reconstruction, was accomplished by Ilia Peiros, as part of his reconstruction of Tai-Kadai, which he accomplished without taking the Kra languages in account.[33]
See also
- Hunan Kam-Sui languages comparative vocabulary list (Wiktionary)
References
- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2016). "Kam–Sui". Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ↑ http://ling.uta.edu/~jerry/research/map.html
- ↑ 杨通银 / Yang Tongyin. 莫语研究 / Mo yu yan jiu (A Study of Mak). Beijing: 中央民族大学出版社 / Zhong yang min zu da xue chu ban she, 2000.
- 1 2 Thurgood, Graham. 1988. "Notes on the reconstruction of Proto-Kam–Sui." In Jerold A. Edmondson and David B. Solnit (eds.), Comparative Kadai: Linguistic studies beyond Tai, 179-218. Summer Institute of Linguistics Publications in Linguistics, 86. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington.
- 1 2 Li, Jinfang. 2008. "Chadong, a Newly-Discovered Kam–Sui Language in Northern Guangxi." In Diller, Anthony, Jerold A. Edmondson, & Yongxian Luo, ed. The Tai–Kadai languages, 596-620. New York: Routledge.
- ↑ Lin, Shi and Cui Jianxin. 1988. "An investigation of the Ai-Cham language." In Jerold A. Edmondson and David B. Solnit (eds.), Comparative Kadai: Linguistic studies beyond Tai, 59-85. Summer Institute of Linguistics Publications in Linguistics, 86. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington.
- ↑ http://asiaharvest.org/index.php/people-group-profiles/china/
- ↑ http://asiaharvest.org/wp-content/themes/asia/docs/people-groups/China/chinaPeoples/M/Mjuniang.pdf
- ↑ Shi Lin [石林]. 2015. Three language varieties of the Hunan-Guizhou-Guangxi border region [湘黔桂边区的三个族群方言岛]. Beijing: China Social Sciences Academy Press [中国社会科学出版社]. ISBN 9787516164945
- ↑ http://asiaharvest.org/wp-content/themes/asia/docs/people-groups/China/chinaPeoples/D/Diao.pdf
- ↑ http://asiaharvest.org/wp-content/themes/asia/docs/people-groups/China/chinaPeoples/S/Sanqiao.pdf
- ↑ http://www.zghuamiao.com/nd.jsp?id=180
- ↑ http://asiaharvest.org/wp-content/themes/asia/docs/people-groups/China/chinaPeoples/X/Xialusi.pdf
- ↑ Chen, Qiguang [陈其光] (2013). Miao and Yao language [苗瑶语文]. Beijing: China Minzu University Press.
- ↑ http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=69595
- ↑ http://asiaharvest.org/wp-content/themes/asia/docs/people-groups/China/chinaPeoples/S/ShuiYunnan.pdf
- ↑ http://file.lw23.com/5/54/542/5426d856-8bbb-4108-a310-96caa7bace36.pdf
- ↑ http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=69611
- ↑ http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vindex.aspx?departmentid=69619&classid=727513
- ↑ http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=69618
- ↑ http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=69621
- ↑ http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=69609
- ↑ Hai Zuoliang [海佐良] (2006). 云南水族语言最后的余音. 《今日民族》2006年第04期.
- ↑ http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=92314
- ↑ http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=34677
- ↑ 曲靖民族源流概述
- ↑ Hsiu, Andrew. 2013. “Shui” varieties of western Guizhou and Yunnan.
- ↑ http://asiaharvest.org/wp-content/themes/asia/docs/people-groups/Laos/Tayten.jpg
- ↑ Peng Jianguo [彭建国]. 2010. 湖南通道侗族“本地话”的语音系统及其归属. Journal of Yunmeng 云梦学刊, Vol. 31, No. 4.
- ↑ 邓刚. 三锹人与清水江中下游的山地开发——以黔东南锦屏县岑梧村为. http://www.docin.com/p-361267415.html
- ↑ http://www.caomiao.net/
- ↑ http://comonca.org.cn/lh/doc/A13.pdf
- ↑ Peiros, Ilia, 1998. "Comparative Linguistics in Southeast Asia", Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University.
Further reading
- Tai–Kadai Languages. (2007). Curzon Pr. ISBN 978-0-7007-1457-5
- Diller, A. (2005). The Tai–Kadai languages. London [etc.]: Routledge. ISBN 0-7007-1457-X
- Edmondson, J. A., & Solnit, D. B. (1988). Comparative Kadai: linguistic studies beyond Tai. Summer Institute of Linguistics publications in linguistics, no. 86. [Arlington, Tex.]: Summer Institute of Linguistics. ISBN 0-88312-066-6
- Peiros, Ilia. 1998. "Comparative Linguistics in Southeast Asia". Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University.
- Thurgood, Graham. 1988. "Notes on the reconstruction of Proto-Kam–Sui." In Jerold A. Edmondson and David B. Solnit (eds.), Comparative Kadai: Linguistic studies beyond Tai, 179-218. Summer Institute of Linguistics Publications in Linguistics, 86. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington.