Rukmini Devi Arundale

Rukmini Devi Arundale
Born Rukmini Devi
(1904-02-29)29 February 1904
Madurai, Madras Presidency, British India
Died 24 February 1986(1986-02-24) (aged 81)
Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Years active 1920-1986
Spouse(s) George Arundale (m 1920)
Awards Padma Bhushan: 1956
Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship: 1967

Rukmini Devi Arundale (29 February 1904 – 24 February 1986[1]) was an Indian theosophist, dancer and choreographer of the Indian classical dance form of Bharatanatyam, and an activist for animal rights and welfare.

She is considered the most important revivalist in the Indian classical dance form of Bharatanatyam from its original 'sadhir' style, prevalent amongst the temple dancers, Devadasis, she also worked for the re-establishment of traditional Indian arts and crafts.

Though she belonged to the Indian upper-caste she espoused the cause of Bharata Natyam, which was considered a low and vulgar art in the early 1920s. Recognising the beauty and the spiritual value of this art form, she not only learned the dance, but also presented it on stage despite strong public protests.

Rukmini Devi features in India Today's list of '100 People Who Shaped India'.[2] She was awarded the Padma Bhushan in 1956,[3] and Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship in 1967.

Biography

Early life and marriage

Rukmini Devi was born on 29 February 1904 in a Brahmin family in Madurai. Her father Neelakanta Sastri was an engineer with the Public Works Department and a scholar, and Seshammal was a music enthusiast. He had transferable job and the family moved frequently. He was introduced to the Theosophical Society in 1901. Deeply influenced by the Theosophical Movement as a follower of Dr Annie Besant, Neelakanta Sastri moved to Adyar, Chennai upon retirement, where he built his home near the headquarters of the Theosophical Society Adyar. It was here that young Rukmini was exposed to not just theosophical thought, but also new ideas on culture, theatre, music and dance, and later met the prominent British theosophist Dr George Arundale, who was a close associate of Annie Besant and later the principal of the Central Hindu College in Varanasi, and soon build a lasting bond with him.[4]

They married in 1920, much to the shock of the then conservative society. After marriage, she travelled all over the world, meeting fellow theosophists and also forging friendships with the educator Maria Montessori, and the poet James Cousins.[5] In 1923, she became the President of the All-India Federation of Young Theosophists, and the President of the World Federation of Young Theosophists in 1925.[6]

In 1928, the famous Russian ballerina Anna Pavlova visited Bombay and the Arundale couple went to her performance, and later happened to travel on the same ship as her, to Australia where she was to perform next; over the course of the journey their friendship grew, and soon Rukmini Devi started learning dance from one of Anna's leading solo dancers, Cleo Nordi.[7] It was later at the behest of Anna that Rukmini Devi turned her attention to discovering traditional Indian dance forms, which had fallen to disrepute and dedicated the rest of her life into their revival.[8]

Revivalism

In 1933, at the Annual Conference of Madras Music Academy, she saw for the first time, a performance of the dance form called Sadhir.[9] Later she learnt the dance from 'Mylapore Gowri Amma', and finally with help of E Krishna Iyer[10] from 'Pandanallur Meenakshi Sundaram Pillai'. In 1935, Rukmini Devi gave her first public performance at the 'Diamond Jubilee Convention of the Theosophical Society.[11]

Office of Kalakshetra Academy at Besant Nagar

In January 1936, she along with her husband,[12] established Kalakshetra, an academy of dance and music, built around the ancient Indian Gurukul system, at Adyar, near Chennai. Today the academy is a deemed university under the Kalakshetra Foundation and is situated in its new in 100-acre (0.40 km2) campus in Tiruvanmiyur, Chennai, where it shifted, in 1962.[13] Amongst its noted students are Radha Burnier, Sarada Hoffman, Anjali Mehr, Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay, Sanjukta Panigrahi, C V Chandrasekhar, Yamini Krishnamurthy and Leela Samson.[14]

Originally known as sadhir, the Indian classical dance form of Bharatanatyam owes its current name, to E Krishna Iyer and Rukmini Devi Arundale, who has been instrumental in modifying mainly the Pandanallur style of Bharatanatyam and bringing it to the global attention, and removing the extraneous sringaar and erotic elements from the dance, which were the legacy of its Devadasi association in the past, thereby raising it to the status of puritan art form.[15] Soon she changed the very face of the dance, by introducing musical instruments, like violin,[16] set and lighting design elements, and innovative costumes, and jewellery inspired by the temple sculptures.[17] Just as for her teacher she approached noted gurus in various arts and classical dances, for her productions, Rukmini Devi approached noted scholars for inspiration and classical musicians and artists, for collaboration, the result was the creation some of pioneering dance dramas-based on Indian epics like the Valmiki's Ramayana and Jayadeva's Gita Govinda.[18] Starting with famous dance dramas like, 'Sita Swayamvaram', 'Sri Rama Vanagamanam', 'Paduka Pattabhishekam' and 'Sabari Moksham', followed by 'Kutrala Kuruvanji', 'Ramayana', 'Kumara Sambhavam', 'Gita Govindam' and 'Usha Parinayam'.[19]

Schools based on the Montessori method were first started in India,[20] when Dr George Arundale invited Dr Maria Montessori to start courses in the 'Besant Theosophical High School' in 1939, and later also established, the 'Besant Arundale Senior Secondary School', The College of Fine Arts, The Besant Theosophical High School, The Maria Montessori School for Children, The Craft Education and Research Centre and the U V Swaminatha Iyer Library, within the Kalakshetra campus.

Later years

Rukmini Devi was nominated as a member of the Indian Parliament's Council of States (the Rajya Sabha) in April 1952, and re-nominated in 1956.[21] Keenly interested in animal welfare, she was associated with various humanitarian organisations, and as a member of the Rajya Sabha, was instrumental for the legislation for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act and for later setting up of the Animal Welfare Board of India, under her chairmanship in 1962. She remained on the board until her demise in 1986.

She was a strict vegetarian and did much work to promote vegetarianism in the country. She was Vice-President of International Vegetarian Union for 31 years from 1955, until her death.[22]

In 1977, Morarji Desai offered to nominate her for the post of President of India, which she turned down.[23] In 1978, 'Kalamkari Centre' (pencraft) was set up at Kalakshetra to revitalise the ancient Indian craft of textile printing.[24] Rukmini Devi Arundale died on 24 February 1986 in Chennai.

Legacy

In January 1994, an Act of the Indian Parliament recognised the Kalakshetra Foundation as an 'Institute of National Importance'.[25][26]

Year long celebrations, including lectures, seminars and festivals marked her 100th birth anniversary, on 29 February, in 2004 at Kalakshetra and elsewhere in many parts of the world,[27] At the campus the day was marked by special function in which old students gathered from across India and the world, in a day of songs and recitals.[28] Also on 29 February, a photo exhibition on her life opened at the Lalit Kala Gallery in New Delhi, and on the same day, then President APJ Abdul Kalam released a photo-biography, written and compiled by Dr Sunil Kothari with a foreword by former president R Venkataraman.[29][30][31]

In 2016, Google honored Rukmini Devi on her 112th birthday with a doodle.,[32][33] and later in the month marking the 80th year of the Kalakshetra Foundation held, 'Remembering Rukmini Devi’ festival of music and dance.[34]

Awards and honours

See also

References

  1. ↑ Centenary Celebrations, 2004
  2. ↑ India Today
  3. ↑ "Padma Awards" (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. 2015. Retrieved July 21, 2015.
  4. ↑ "Rukmini Devi Arundale: A life dedicated to Art". Rediff.com. March 2004.
  5. ↑ Biography at naatya.org
  6. ↑ The Hindu, 2 March 2001
  7. ↑ The Tribune, 22 September 2002
  8. ↑ Rukmini Devi Biography at thinkquest.org
  9. ↑ Kalakshetra and Rukmini at katinkahesselink.net
  10. ↑ profile at sawnet.org
  11. ↑ Profile at nartaki.com
  12. ↑ personalities at chennaibest.com
  13. ↑ livemint.com, Fri, 18 May 2007
  14. ↑ Noted students of Kalakshetra
  15. ↑ Bharatnatyam at indeembassyathens.gr
  16. ↑ Rukmini Devi at encarta
  17. ↑ The Hindu, 27 January 2003
  18. ↑ The Hindu, 16 March 2003
  19. ↑ The Rediff, 27 February 2004
  20. ↑ Great indians at whereincity.com
  21. ↑ Indian heroes at iloveindia.com
  22. ↑ Profile at International Vegetarian Union (IVU)
  23. ↑ 100 Tamils
  24. ↑ November 1993, hinduismtoday.com
  25. ↑ Kalakshetra Foundation Act 1993 Ministry of Law And Justice.
  26. ↑ chennaibest.com
  27. ↑ "Another centenary celebration". The Hindu. 27 January 2003.
  28. ↑ "A legend lives on... It was time to pay tribute to Rukmini Devi Arundale, the czarina of dance.". The Hindu. 4 March 2004.
  29. ↑ "Her spirit still reigns". The Hindu. 22 February 2004.
  30. ↑ "Time to celebrate". The Hindu. 27 February 2003.
  31. ↑ Centenary celebrations nartaki.com
  32. ↑ "Google Pays Tribute To Famous Bharatanatyam Dancer Rukmini Devi Arundale On Her Birthday". NDTV. 29 February 2016.
  33. ↑ "Archived Google Doodle honouring Rukmini Devi". Google. February 29, 2016. Retrieved March 1, 2016.
  34. ↑ Santhanam, Radhika (February 25, 2016). "Kalakshetra celebrates its 80th year". The Hindu. Retrieved 2016-03-30.

Further reading

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