Paleobiota of the Yixian Formation

Ordosemys liaoxiensis and Psittacosaurus preserved together

Part of a series on
Paleontology
Fossils Fossilization Trace fossil Index fossil List of fossils List of fossil sites Lagerstätte fossil beds List of transitional fossils List of human evolution fossils
Natural history Biogeography Extinction event Geochronology Geologic time scale Geologic record History of life Origin of life Timeline of evolution Transitional fossil
Organs and processes Avian flight Cells Multicells Eyes Flagella Hair Mammalian auditory ossicles Mosaic evolution Nervous systems Sex
Evolution of various taxa Birds Butterflies Cephalopods Cetaceans Dinosaurs Fishes Fungi Humans Insects Mammals Molluscs Plants Reptiles Sea cows Spiders Tetrapods
Evolution Introduction to evolution Common descent Phylogeny Cladistics Biological classification
History of paleontology History of paleontology Timeline of paleontology
Branches of paleontology Biostratigraphy Ichnology Invertebrate paleontology Micropaleontology Molecular paleontology Palaeoxylology Paleobiology Paleobotany Paleoecology Paleogenetics Paleolimnology Paleopedology Paleotempestology Paleozoology Palynology Sclerochronology Taphonomy Vertebrate paleontology
Paleontology Portal Category

The Yixian Formation (simplified Chinese: 义县组; traditional Chinese: 義縣組; pinyin: Yìxiàn zǔ) is a geological formation in Jinzhou, Liaoning, People's Republic of China, that spans about 5 million years during the early Cretaceous period (early Aptian stage). It is known for its fossils, listed below.

The Yixian Formation is divided into the following subunits, from most recent to oldest: (ages when available from Chang et al., 2009^[1])

• Jingangshan Bed (youngest, 122.1 Ma)
• Dawangzhangzi Bed
• Lujiatun Bed (123.2 Ma)
• Jianshangou Bed (124.1 Ma)
• Basalt base (oldest, 129.7 Ma)

Amphibians

Fish

Genus	Species	County	Member	Abundance	Notes	Images
Hybodontoidea indet.	Family, genus and species indeterminate				A shark known from a single dorsal fin spine[2]
Lycoptera	L. davidi		Jianshangou & Dawangzhangzi Beds	Also present in the Jiufotang Formation & Huajiying Formation	An osteoglossiform	Lycoptera davidi Protosephurus Sinamia
	L. muroii		Jingangshan Bed
	L. sinensis		Jianshangou Bed
Mesomyzon	M. mengae				A lamprey
Peipiaosteus	P. pani		Jianshangou & Dawangzhangzi Bed	Also present in the Jiufotang Formation	A peipiaosteid fish related to sturgeons
Protopsephurus	P. liui		Dawangzhangzi Bed	Also present in the Jiufotang & Huajiying Formations	A paddlefish
Sinamia	S. zdanskyi		Jianshangou Bed		A Bowfin
Yanosteus	Y. longidorsalis			Also present in the Huajiying Formation	A peipiaosteid

Mammals

The mammals listed below were compiled in a survey by Meng and colleagues in 2006, unless otherwise noted.^[3]

Genus	Species	County	Member	Abundance	Notes	Images
Acristatherium	A. yanensis[4]	Beipiao	Lujiatun Bed		A eutherian	Repenomamus robustus Sinodelphys Zhangheotherium
Akidolestes	A. cifellii	Lingyuan	Dawangzhangzi Bed		A symmetrodont
Chaoyangodens[5]	C. lii	Lingyuan	Dawangzhangzi Bed		A eutriconodont
Eomaia	E. scansoria	Lingyuan	Dawangzhangzi Bed		A stem therian
Gobiconodon	G. zofiae	Beipiao	Lujiatun Bed		A gobiconodont
	G. luoianus [6]				A gobiconodont
Jeholodens	J. jenkinsi	Chaoyang	Jianshangou Bed		A eutriconodont
Juchilestes[7]	J. liaoningensis	Beipiao	Lujiatun Bed		An amphidontid
Maotherium	M. sinensis	Chaoyang	Jianshangou Bed		A symmetrodont
	M. asiaticus[8]	Beipiao	Lujiatun Bed		A symmetrodont
Meemannodon	M. lujiatunensis	Beipiao	Lujiatun Bed		A gobiconodont
Repenomamus	R. giganticus	Beipiao	Lujiatun Bed		A gobiconodont
	R. robustus	Beipiao	Lujiatun Bed		A gobiconodont, which ate small dinosaurs
Sinobaatar	S. lingyuanensis	Lingyuan	Jianshangou and Dawangzhangzi Beds		A multituberculate
Sinodelphys	S. szalayi	Lingyuan	Dawangzhangzi Bed		A metatherian
Yanoconodon[9]	Y. allini[9]	Fengning[9]			A eutricondodont
Zhangheotherium	Z. quinquecuspidens	Chaoyang	Jianshangou Bed		A symmetrodont

Pterosaurs

The pterosaurs listed below were compiled in a survey by Wang and Zhou in 2006, unless otherwise noted.^[10]

Genus	Species	County	Member	Abundance	Notes	Images
Beipiaopterus	B. chenianus		Jianshangou Bed		A ctenochasmatid	Haopterus Ningchengopterus
Boreopterus	B. cuiae		Jianshangou Bed		A boreopterid
Cathayopterus	C. grabaui		Dawangzhangzi Bed		A ctenochasmatid
Elanodactylus[11]	E. prolatus		Jianshangou Bed[12]		A ctenochasmatid
Eosipterus	E. yangi		Jianshangou Bed		A ctenochasmatid
Feilongus	F. youngi		Jianshangou Bed		A boreopterid
Gegepterus[13]	G. changae[12]		Jianshangou Bed[12]		A ctenochasmatid
Gladocephaloideus[14]	G. jingangshanensis		Jingangshan Bed		A gallodactylid
Haopterus	H. gracilis		Jianshangou Bed		An ornithocheirid
Moganopterus	M. zhuiana		Lujiatun bed?		A ctenochasmatoid
Ningchengopterus	N. liuae		Jianshangou or Dawangzhangzi bed		A pterodactyloid[15]
Pterofiltrus	P. qiui		Jianshangou Bed		A ctenochasmatid[12]
Zhenyuanopterus	Z. longirostris		Jianshangou Bed		A boreopterid[16]

Misc reptiles

Choristoderans

Genus	Species	County	Member	Abundance	Notes	Images
Hyphalosaurus	H. lingyuanensis		Dawangzhangzi Bed			Hyphalosaurus
	H. baitaigouensis		Jingangshan Bed	Thousands of specimens
Monjurosuchus	M. splendens		Dawangzhangzi Bed
Sinohydrosaurus	S. lingyuanensis		Dawangzhangzi Bed		Junior synonym of Hyphalosaurus lingyuanensis

Lizards

Genus	Species	County	Member	Abundance	Notes	Images
Dalinghosaurus	D. longidigitus		Jianshangou Bed		A lizard related to shinisaurs	Dalinghosaurus
Liushusaurus	L. acanthocaudata[17]		Jianshangou or Dawangzhangzi bed		A lizard related to geckos and skinks
Xianglong	X. zhaoi		Dawangzhangzi Bed		A gliding lizard
Yabeinosaurus	Y. tenuis		Dawangzhangzi & Jingangshan Beds		A lizard related to geckos and skinks

Turtles

Genus	Species	County	Member	Abundance	Notes	Images
Manchurochelys	M. liaoxiensis[18]		Jianshangou Bed		Reclassified as Ordosemys liaoxiensis[19]	Ordosemys
	M. manchoukuoensis[20]		Jingangshan Bed
Ordosemys	O. liaoxiensis[19]		Jianshangou Bed

Ornithischians

The dinosaurs listed below were compiled in a survey by Xu and Norell in 2006, unless otherwise noted.^[21]

Genus	Species	County	Member	Material	Notes	Images
Bolong	B. yixianensis				An ornithopod	Jeholosaurus Liaoceratops Psittacosaurus
Jeholosaurus	J. shangyuanensis	Beipiao	Lujiatun Bed	"Skull with associated vertebrae and hindlimb, skull with cervical vertebrae."[22]	An ornithopod
Jinzhousaurus	J. yangi	Yixian	Dawangzhangzi Bed	"Nearly complete skull and skeleton."[23]	An ornithopod
Liaoceratops	L. yanzigouensis	Beipiao	Lujiatun Bed	"[Two] nearly complete skulls, juvenile to adult."[24]	A ceratopsian
Liaoningosaurus	L. paradoxus	Yixian	Dawangzhangzi Bed	"Partial skull [and] skeleton."[25]	A small ankylosaur
Psittacosaurus	P. lujiatunensis	Beipiao	Lujiatun & Jianshangou Beds	Thousands of specimens in the Lujiatun Bed, somewhat less common in the Jianshangou Bed	A ceratopsian

Saurischians

The dinosaurs listed below were compiled in a survey by Xu and Norell in 2006, unless otherwise noted.^[21]

Avialans

Genus	Species	County	Member	Material	Notes	Images
Archaeorhynchus	A. spathula		Dawangzhangzi Bed		An early, advanced short-tailed bird (ornithuran)[26]	Changchengornis Confuciusornis Eoenantiornis Liaoxiornis Shanweiniao
Bohaiornis[27]	B. guoi		Jianshangou Bed?	Well-preserved skeleton	An enantiornithine
Changchengornis[28]	C. hengdaoziensis[28]		Jianshangou Bed	"Nearly complete skeleton."[28]	A confuciusornithid
Confuciusornis	C. chuonzhous				Junior synonym of Confuciusornis sanctus[20]
	C. dui[29]		Jianshangou Bed	"[Two] skeletons."[29]
	C. feducciai[30]		Jianshangou Bed
	C. sanctus[29]		Jianshangou and Dawangzhangzi Beds	"Hundreds of complete skeletons."[29]	A primitive short-tailed bird (pygostylian), also present in the Jiufotang Formation
	C. suniae				Junior synonym of Confuciusornis sanctus[20]
Eoenantiornis	E. buhleri		Jianshangou Bed	"Nearly complete skeleton."[31]	An entantiornithine
Dalingheornis	D. liweii		Dawangzhangzi Bed		An entantiornithine[32]
Jinzhouornis	J. yixianensis		Jianshangou Bed		A pygostylian, possibly a junior synonym of Confuciusornis[33]
	J. zhangjiyingia		Jianshangou Bed		Possible synonym of J. yixianensis
Jixiangornis	J. orientalis		Jianshangou Bed		A basal avialan, also present in the Jiufotang Formation[34]
Hongshanornis	H. longicresta	4 specimens[35]	Jianshangou and Dawangzhangzi Beds[35]		An ornithuromorph[36]
Jibeinia	J. luahera				Previously regarded as Yixian, horizon reassigned to the Huajiying Formation by Jin et al., 2008.[37]
Liaoningornis	L. longidigitris		Jianshangou Bed	"Partial skeleton."[38]	An enantiornithine.[39]
Liaoxiornis	L. delicatus		Dawangzhangzi Bed		Considered a nomen dubium because the name is based on remains of a hatchling entantiornithine and cannot be confidently matched with the adult form.[40]
Lingyuanornis	L. parvus		Dawangzhangzi Bed		Junior objective synonym of Liaoxiornis delicatus, a nomen dubium.[40]
Longicrusavis	L. houi		Dawangzhangzi Bed		An ornithuromorph[36]
Longirostravis	L. hani		bed unknown		An enantiornithine
Protopteryx	P. fengningensis				Previously regarded as Yixian, horizon reassigned to the Huajiying Formation by Jin et al., 2008.[37]
Shanweiniao	S. cooperorum		Dawangzhangzi Bed		An entantiornithine, the only one known with a fan tail as in modern birds.[41]
Vescornis	V. hebeiensis				Previously regarded as Yixian, horizon reassigned to the Huajiying Formation by Jin et al., 2008.[37]
Zhongornis	Z. haoae		Dawangzhangzi Bed		A primitive avialan with a short but non-pygostylian tail[42]

Deinonychosaurs

Genus	Species	County	Member	Material	Notes	Images
Graciliraptor	G. lujiatunensis	Beipiao	Lujiatun Bed	Rare	A dromaeosaurid	Graciliraptor Mei Sinornithosaurus millenii Sinusonasus Tianyuraptor
Mei	M. long	Beipiao	Lujiatun Bed		A small troodontid fossilized in a sleeping position
Sinornithosaurus	S. haoiana	Yixian	Dawangzhangzi Bed		A dromaeosaurid, the first ever found with feather impressions
	S. millenii	Beipiao	Jianshangou Bed	Three specimens with skulls and postcrania, two with preserved feathers.[43] Feathered integument is also preserved.[43][44]
Sinovenator	S. changii	Beipiao	Lujiatun Bed	Three specimens with partial skulls and postcrania.[45][46] Hundreds of additional specimens known but undescribed.	A troodontid
Sinusonasus	S. magnodens	Beipiao	Lujiatun Bed		A troodontid
Tianyuraptor	T. ostromi	Lingyuan	Dawangzhangzi Bed		A dromaeosaurid
Zhenyuanlong	Z. suni			One nearly complete skeleton with traces of feathers, including long tail feathers and large wing feathers.	A dromaeosaurid
Undescribed deinonychosaur/possible troodontid			Dawangzhangzi Bed	One specimen with feather imprints	A possible troodontid.[47]
Undescribed troodontid	Specimen CAGS-IG01-004		Lujiatun Bed	Skull and partial skeleton	A troodontid similar to Mei.[48]
Unnamed dromaeosaurid	Specimen NGMC 91	Lingyuan	Dawangzhangzi Bed	Complete specimen with feather imprints	Once tentatively referred to both Sinornithosaurus and Cryptovolans, it is probably a new genus closely related to Microraptor.[49] Informally nicknamed "Dave"

Other theropods

Genus	Species	County	Member	Material	Notes	Images
Beipiaosaurus	B. inexpectus	Beipiao	Jianshangou Bed	"Incomplete skeleton with integument."[50]	A therizinosaur	Beipiaosaurus Caudipteryx zoui Dilong Huaxiagnathus Incisivosaurus Protarchaeopteryx Shenzhousaurus Sinocalliopteryx Sinosauropteryx prima Yutyrannus
Caudipteryx	C. dongi	Beipiao	Jianshangou Bed	"[One] partial postcranium with feather imprints."[51]	Oviraptorosaurs
	C. zoui	Beipiao	Jianshangou Bed	Common, only over a small region
	C. sp.[52]
Dilong	D. paradoxus	Beipiao	Lujiatun & Jianshangou Bed	Rare	A tyrannosauroid
Grallator			lower Jianshangou Bed		Footprints belonging to the Grallator form taxon, belonging to a small theropod. Of known Yixian theropods, the footprints most closely match Caudipteryx.[53]
Hexing	H. qingyi				A primitive ornithomimosaur[54]
Huaxiagnathus	H. orientalis	Beipiao	Jianshangou Bed		A compsognathid
Incisivosaurus	I. gauthieri	Beipiao	Lujiatun Bed	"[One] skull [and a] partial cervical."[51]	An oviraptorosaur
Ningyuansaurus	N. wangi			Complete skeleton with feather impressions.[55]	An oviraptorosaur
Protarchaeopteryx	P. robusta	Beipiao	Jianshangou Bed	"Nearly complete skull and skeleton, at least [two] individuals."[56]	A possible relative of Incisivosaurus
Raptorex	R. kriegsteini				A tyrannosaurid, probably from higher Mongolian strata.
Scansoriopteryx	S. heilmanni				Initially reported from the Dawangzhangzi Bed, probably from the Daohugou Beds instead.[57]
Shenzhousaurus	S. orientalis	Beipiao	Lujiatun Bed	"Articulated skull and incomplete skeleton."[58]	A primitive ornithomimosaur
Similicaudipteryx	S. yixianensis			Two specimens	An oviraptorosaur, also present in the Jiufotang Formation[59]
Sinocalliopteryx	S. gigas		Jianshangou Bed		A large compsognathid
Sinosauropteryx	S. prima	Beipiao & Lingyuan	Jianshangou & Dawangzhangzi Beds	Four nearly complete specimens[60][61]	The first non-avian dinosaur found with feather impressions, a compsognathid
	S.? sp.		Jianshangou Bed	One specimen (GMV 2124) with partial skull, postcrania, and preserved feathers	An unnamed coelurosaur originally described as a specimen of Sinosauropteryx, later found to be a new genus and species.[62]
Yixianosaurus	Y. longimanus	Yixian	Dawangzhangzi Bed		A basal maniraptoran
Yutyrannus	Y. huali		Unknown	Three nearly complete skeletons of various ages	A large tyrannosauroid[63]
Unnamed theropod	Not yet described	Yixian	Lujiatun Bed	Partial post-cranial skeleton[64]	A possible carnosaur[65]

Sauropods

Invertebrate fauna of the Yixian Formation

The invertebrate species listed below follow a survey by Chen and colleagues published in 2005, unless otherwise noted.^[18]

Arachnids

The arachnid species listed below follow a catalogue compiled by Dunlop, Penney and Jekel in 2010, unless otherwise noted.^[68]

Beetles (Coleoptera)

Crustaceans

Genus	Species	County	Member	Abundance	Notes	Images
Chenops[79]	C. oblongus				A notostracans	Chenops yixianensis Chenops oblongus (right) and Jeholops hongi (left)
	C. yixianensis
Cricoidoscelosus	C. aethus				A crayfish[80]
Cypridea	C. (Cypridea) liaoningensis		Jianshangou Bed		Ostracods
	C. (C.) sihetunensis		Jianshangou Bed
	C. (C.) veridica arguta		Jingangshan Bed
	C. (C.) sp.		Jianshangou Bed
	C. (Ulwellia) beipiaoensis	Beipiao	Jianshangou Bed
Damonella	D. formosa		Jianshangou Bed		An ostracod
Darwinula	D. leguminella		Jianshangou Bed		An ostracod
Diestheria	D. jeholensis		Jianshangou Bed		Clam shrimps
	D. yixianensis		Dawangzhangzi Bed
	D.? sp.		Jianshangou Bed
Eosestheria	E. jingangshanensis		Jingangshan Bed		Clam shrimps
	E. lingyuanensis		Dawangzhangzi Bed
	E. aff. middendorfii		Jingangshan Bed
	E. ovata		Jianshangou Bed
	E. sihetunensis		Jianshangou Bed
Eosestheriopsis	E. gujialingensis		Jianshangou Bed		A clam shrimp
Jeholops[79]	J. hongi				A notostracan
Liaoningogriphus	L. quadripartitus		Jianshangou and Dawangzhangzi beds		A shrimp
Lycopterocypris	L. infantilis		Jianshangou Bed		An ostracod
Mantelliana	M. sp.		Jianshangou Bed		An ostracod
Mongolianella	M. cf. palmosa		Jianshangou Bed		An ostracod
Palaeocambarus	P. licenti				A crayfish[80]
Rhinocyrpis	R. jurassica		Jianshangou Bed		An ostracod
Timiriasevia	T. jianshangouensis		Jianshangou Bed		An ostracod
?Yanjiestheria	Y.? beipiaoensis	Beipiao	Jianshangou Bed		A clam shrimp
Yanshania	Y. dabeigouensis		Jianshangou Bed		An ostracod

Dragonflies (Odonata)

The dragonfly species listed below follow a review compiled by Zhang, Ren and Panf in 2008, unless otherwise noted.^[81]

Flies (Diptera)

Wasps (Hymenoptera)

Other insects

Genus	Species	County	Member	Abundance	Notes	Images
Alloraphidia	A. bliquivenatica[70]				Snakeflies	Epicharmeropsis, a mayfly
	A. longistigmasa		Jianshangou Bed
Archeraphidia	A. shangyuanensis				A snakefly[70]
Baissopterus	B. liaoningensis				A snakefly[70]
Caenoephemera	C. shangyuanensis		Jianshangou Bed		A mayfly[70]
Caloraphidia	C. glossophylla				A snakefly[74]
Choromyrmeleon	C. othneius				An antlion[74]
?Ephemeropsis	?E. trisetalis		Jianshangou and Jingangshan beds		A mayfly. Chinese specimens probably represent species of Epicharmeropsis[92]
Epicharmeropsis	E. hexavenulosus[92]	Pingquan			Mayflies
	E. quadrivenulosus[92]	Beipiao	Jianshangou Bed
Hagiphasma	H. paradoxa		Jianshangou Bed		A stick insect
Ilerdocossus	I. beipiaoensis				Cicadas[93]
	I. exiguus
	I. fengningensis
	I. hui
	I. pingquanensis
Kalligramma	K. liaoningensis		Jianshangou Bed		A lacewing
Karatavoblatta	K. formosa				A cockroach[70]
Liaoaphidia	L. fornicata				A snakefly[70]
Liaonemobius	L. tanae				A sword-tail cricket[74]
Longicellochrysa	L. yixiana				A mesochrysopid lacewing[94]
Mesascalaphus	M. yangi				An owlfly[74]
Mesolygaeus	M. laiyangensis				A water bug[70]
Metabittacus	M. colosseus		Jianshangou Bed
Miracossus	M. ingentius				A cicada[93]
Nipponoblatta	N. acerba		Jianshangou Bed		A cockroach
Oloberotha	O. sinica				A beaded lacewing[74]
Sinochresmoda	S. magnicornia				A chresmodid water-skiing insect[95]
Sinosharaperla	S. zhaoi	Beipiao			A stonefly[96]
Sinoviparosiphum	S. lini				An aphid[74]
Sophogramma	S. lii		Jianshangou Bed		A lacewing[97]
Tetraphelerus	T. laetus				A moth[70]
Unnamed Vitimotauliidae	Unnamed				A caddisfly pupa, likely belonging to the Vitimotauliidae.[98]
Unnamed Siphonaptera	Unnamed				A giant, non-jumping flea[99]

Molluscs

Flora of the Yixian Formation

Conifers

The coniferous trees and shrubs listed below were compiled in a survey by Wang and colleagues in 2006, unless otherwise noted.^[100]

Ferns

Flowering plants

Genus	Species	County	Member	Abundance	Notes	Images
Archaeamphora	A. longicervia		Jianshangou Bed		A pitcher plant, and the earliest known carnivorous plant	Archaefructus
Archaefructus	A. eoflora		Jianshangou Bed		A primitive, aquatic angiosperm
	A. liaoningensis		Jianshangou Bed
	A. sinensisis		Dawangzhangzi Bed
Callianthus	C. dilae[101]	Liaoning			A plant with true flowers
?Davallia	D.? niehhutzuensis[20]
Erenia	E. stenoptera[101]	Liaoning			Actually a specimen of Callianthus
Leefructus	L. mirus[102]				A eudicot
Liaoxia	L. chenii[20]
?Potamogeton	P.? jeholensis[20]
Ranunculus	R. jeholensis[20]				Junior synonym of Potamogeton jeholensis
Sinocarpus	S. decussatus				A primitive eudicot

Ginkgos

Other plants

References

1. ↑ Chang, S. C., Zhang, H., Renne, P. R., & Fang, Y. (2009). "High-precision 40Ar/39Ar age for the Jehol Biota". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 280(1), 94-104.
2. ↑ Zhang, J. (2007). "Two shark finspines (Hybodontoidea) from the Mesozoic of North China". Cretaceous Research. 28 (2): 277–280. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2006.05.005. 
3. ↑ Meng, J.; Hu, Y.; Li, C.; Wang, Y. (2006). "The mammal fauna in the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota: implications for diversity and biology of Mesozoic mammals". Geological Journal. 41 (3–4): 439–463. doi:10.1002/gj.1054. 
4. ↑ Hu, Y.; Meng, J.; Li, C.; Wang, Y. (2010). "New basal eutherian mammal from the Early Cretaceous Jehol biota, Liaoning, China". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 277 (1679): 229–236. doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.0203. PMC 2842663. PMID 19419990. 
5. ↑ Shilin Hou & Jin Meng (2014). "A new eutriconodont mammal from the early Cretaceous Jehol Biota of Liaoning, China". Chinese Science Bulletin. 59 (5–6): 546–553. doi:10.1007/s11434-013-0088-2. 
6. ↑ Smith, Thierry; Smith, Richard; Zhang, Xingliao; Xi, Yunhong; Wu, Yanhua; Ji, Qiang (2009). "A New Species of Gobiconodon (Mammalia) from Western Liaoning, China and its Implication for the Dental Formula of Gobiconodon". Acta Geologica Sinica. 83 (2): 207–211. doi:10.1111/j.1755-6724.2009.00035.x. 
7. ↑ Gao, CL; Wilson, GP; Luo, ZX; Maga, AM; Meng, Q; Wang, X (2010). "A new mammal skull from the Lower Cretaceous of China with implications for the evolution of obtuse-angled molars and 'amphilestid' eutriconodonts". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological sciences. 277 (1679): 237–246. doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.1014. PMC 2842676. PMID 19726475. 
8. ↑ Martin, Thomas, & Ruf, Irina (2009). "On the mammalian ear". Science. 326 (5950): 243–244. doi:10.1126/science.1181131. PMID 19815765.  CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
9. 1 2 3 Luo, Z., Chen, P., Li, G., & Chen, M. (2007). A new eutriconodont mammal and evolutionary development in early mammals. Nature. Vol 446, 15 March 2007, doi:10.1038/nature05627 PMID 17361176.
10. ↑ Wang, X.; Zhou, Z. (2006). "Pterosaur assemblages of the Jehol Biota and their implication for the Early Cretaceous pterosaur radiation". Geological Journal. 41 (3–4): 405–418. doi:10.1002/gj.1046. 
11. ↑ Zhou C 2009. New material of Elanodactylus prolatus Andres & Ji, 2008 (Pterosauria: Pterodactyloidea) from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation of western Liaoning, China. Neues Jahr. Geo. Paläo. Abh. doi:10.1127/0077-7749/2009/0022.
12. 1 2 3 4 Jiang S. and Wang X. (2011). "A new ctenochasmatid pterosaur from the Lower Cretaceous, western Liaoning, China." Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, 83(4): 1243-1249. ISSN 0001-3765.
13. ↑ Wang X., 2008, "Order Pterosauria" In: Li J., Wu X., Zhnag F. eds. Chinese Fossil Reptiles and their Kin 2nd edition, Science Press, Beijing p. 215-234
14. ↑ Lü Junchang, Ji Qiang, Wei Xuefang and Liu Yongqing (2011). "A new ctenochasmatoid pterosaur from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation of western Liaoning, China". Cretaceous Research. 34: 26. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2011.09.010.  CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
15. ↑ Lü J. (2009). "A baby pterodactyloid pterosaur from the Yixian Formation of Ningcheng, Inner Mongolia, China". Acta Geologica Sinica. 83 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1111/j.1755-6724.2009.00001.x. 
16. ↑ Lu, J. (2010). "A new boreopterid pterodactyloid pterosaur from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation of Liaoning Province, northeastern China". Acta Geologica Sinica. 24: 241–246. doi:10.1111/j.1755-6724.2010.00204.x. 
17. ↑ Evans, S.E.; Wang, Y. (2010). "A new lizard (Reptilia: Squamata) with exquisite preservation of soft tissue from the Lower Cretaceous of Inner Mongolia, China". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 8 (1): 81–95. doi:10.1080/14772010903537773. 
18. 1 2 Chen, P.; Wang, Q.; Zhang, H.; Cao, M.; Li, W.; Wu, S.; Shen, Y. (2005). "Jianshangou Bed of the Yixian Formation in West Liaoning, China". Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences. 48 (3): 298–312. doi:10.1360/04yd0038. 
19. 1 2 Tong, H.; Ji, S.; Ji, Q. (2004). "Ordosemys (Testudines: Cryptodira) from the Yixian Formation of Liaoning Province, Northeastern China: New Specimens and Systematic Revision". American Museum Novitates. 3438: 1–20. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2004)438<0001:OTCFTY>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0003-0082. 
20. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Smith, J.B., Harris, J.D., Omar, G.I., Dodson, P. and You, H. (2001). "Biostratigraphy and avian origins in northeastern China. Appendix: Biota of the Yixian Formation and the endemicity of its taxa." In Gauthier, J. and Gall, L.F. (eds.), New Perspectives on the Origin and Early Evolution of Birds: Proceedings of the International Symposium in Honor of John H. Ostrom. New Haven: Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University. ISBN 0-912532-57-2.
21. 1 2 3 Xu, X.; Norell, M.A. (2006). "Non-Avian dinosaur fossils from the Lower Cretaceous Jehol Group of western Liaoning, China". Geological Journal. 41 (3–4): 419–437. doi:10.1002/gj.1044. 
22. ↑ "Table 18.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 395.
23. ↑ "Table 19.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 416.
24. ↑ "Table 22.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 480.
25. ↑ "Table 17.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 367.
26. ↑ Zhou, Zhonghe; Zhang, Fucheng (2006). "A beaked basal ornithurine bird (Aves, Ornithurae) from the Lower Cretaceous of China". Zoologica Scripta. 35 (4): 363–373. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2006.00234.x. 
27. ↑ Hu, D.; Li, L.; Hou, L.; Xu, X. (2011). "A new enantiornithine bird from the Lower Cretaceous of western Liaoning, China". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 31 (1): 154–161. doi:10.1080/02724634.2011.546305. 
28. 1 2 3 "Table 11.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 211.
29. 1 2 3 4 "Table 11.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 212.
30. ↑ Zhang, Zihui; Gao, Chunling; Meng, Qingjin; Liu, Jinyuan; Hou, Lianhai; Zheng, Guangmei (2009). "Diversification in an Early Cretaceous avian genus: evidence from a new species of Confuciusornis from China". Journal of Ornithology. 150 (4): 783–790. doi:10.1007/s10336-009-0399-x. 
31. ↑ "Table 11.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 213.
32. ↑ Zihui, Zhang; Lianhai, HOU; Yoshikasu, Hasegawa; O'Connor, Jingmai; Martin, Larry D.; Chiappe, Luis M. (2010). "The first Mesozoic heterodactyl bird from China". Acta Geologica Sinica. 80 (5): 631–635. doi:10.1111/j.1755-6724.2006.tb00285.x. 
33. ↑ Hou, L.H., Zhou, Z.H., Zhang, F.C., et al. (2002). "Mesozoic Birds from Western Liaoning." In China Shenyang, China: Liaoning Science and Technology Publishing House
34. ↑ Ji; Ji, Ji; Zhang, You; Zhang, Wang; Yuan (2002). "A new avialian bird - Jixiangornis orientalis gen. et sp. nov. - from the Lower Cretaceous of Western Liaoning, NE China". Journal of Nanjing University (Natural Sciences). 38 (6): 723–736. 
35. 1 2 Chiappe, L. M.; Zhao, B.; o’Connor, J. K.; Chunling, G.; Wang, X.; Habib, M.; Marugan-Lobon, J.; Meng, Q.; Cheng, X. (2014). "A new specimen of the Early Cretaceous bird Hongshanornis longicresta: Insights into the aerodynamics and diet of a basal ornithuromorph". PeerJ. 2: e234. doi:10.7717/peerj.234. PMC 3898307. PMID 24482756. 
36. 1 2 O'Connor, J.K.; Gao, K.-Q.; Chiappe, L.M. (2010). "A new ornithuromorph (Aves: Ornithothoraces) bird from the Jehol Group indicative of higher-level diversity" (PDF). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 30 (2): 311–321. doi:10.1080/02724631003617498. 
37. 1 2 3 Jin, Fan; Zhang, Fucheng; Li, Zhiheng; Zhang, Jiangyong; Li, Chun; Zhou, Zhonghe (2008). "On the horizon of Protopteryx and the early vertebrate fossil assemblages of the Jehol Biota". Chinese Science Bulletin. 53 (18): 2820–2827. doi:10.1007/s11434-008-0209-5. 
38. ↑ "Table 11.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 214.
39. ↑ O'Connor, J.K. (2012). "A revised look at Liaoningornis longidigitris (Aves)". Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 50 (1): 25–37. 
40. 1 2 Chiappe, L.M.; Ji, S.; Ji, Q. (2007). "Juvenile Birds from the Early Cretaceous of China: Implications for Enantiornithine Ontogeny". American Museum Novitates (3594). 
41. ↑ O'Connor, Jingmai K.; Wang, X.; Chiappe, L.M.; Gao, C.; Meng, Q.; Cheng, X.; Liu, J. (2009). "Phylogenetic support for a specialized clade of Cretaceous enantiornithine birds with information from a new species". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 29 (1): 188–204. doi:10.1080/02724634.2009.10010371. 
42. ↑ Gao, C.; Chiappe, L.M.; Meng, Q.; O'Connor, J.K.; Wang, X.; Cheng, X.; Liu, J. (2008). "A new basal lineage of Early Cretaceous birds from China and its implications on the evolution of the avian tail". Palaeontology. 51 (4): 775–791. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2008.00793.x. 
43. 1 2 "Table 10.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 198.
44. ↑ Azuma, (2005). The Flying Dinosaurs: Fukui Prefectural Dinosaur Museum. 118 pp.
45. ↑ "Table 9.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 185.
46. ↑ White, Matt (2009). "The subarctometatarsus: intermediate metatarsus architecture demonstrating the evolution of the arctometatarsus and advanced agility in theropod dinosaurs". Alcheringa. 33 (1): 1–21. doi:10.1080/03115510802618193. 
47. ↑ Xu, Xu; Norell, M. (2006). "Non-avian dinosaur fossils from the Lower Cretaceous Jehol Group of western Liaoning, China". Geological Journal. 41 (3–4): 419–437. doi:10.1002/gj.1044. 
48. ↑ Hwang, Norell, Ji and Gao, (2004). "A new troodontid from the lower Yixian Formation of China and its affinities to Mongolian troodontids." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 24(3): 73A–74A.
49. ↑ Senter, P. (2007). "A new look at the phylogeny of Coelurosauria (Dinosauria: Theropoda)". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 5 (4): 429–463. doi:10.1017/S1477201907002143. 
50. ↑ "Table 7.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 152.
51. 1 2 "Table 8.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 166.
52. ↑ Zhou, Wang; Zhang; Xu (2000). "Important features of Caudipteryx - evidence from two nearly complete new specimens" (PDF). Vertebrata PalAsiatica (in Chinese). 38 (4): 241–254. 
53. ↑ Xing, L.D.; Harris, J.D.; Feng, X.Y.; Zhang, Z.J. (2009). "Theropod (Dinosauria: Saurischia) tracks from Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation at Sihetun Village, Liaoning Province, China and possible track makers". Geological Bulletin of China. 28 (6): 705–712. 
54. ↑ Jin Liyong, Chen Jun and Pascal Godefroit (2012). "A New Basal Ornithomimosaur (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation, Northeast China". In Godefroit, P. (eds). Bernissart Dinosaurs and Early Cretaceous Terrestrial Ecosystems. Indiana University Press. pp. 467–487. 
55. ↑ Ji Qiang, Lü Jun-Chang, Wei Xue-Fang, Wang Xu-Ri (2012). "A new oviraptorosaur from the Yixian Formation of Jianchang, Western Liaoning Province, China". Regional Geology of China (12): 2102–2107.  CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
56. ↑ "Table 11.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 216.
57. ↑ Wang, X.; Zhou, Z.; He, H.; Jin, F.; Wang, Y.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, J.; Xu, X.; Zhang, F.; et al. (2005). "Stratigraphy and age of the Daohugou Bed in Ningcheng, Inner Mongolia". Chinese Science Bulletin. 50 (20): 2369–2376. doi:10.1007/BF03183749. 
58. ↑ "Table 5.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 138.
59. ↑ Xu, X.; Zheng, X.; You, H. (2010). "Exceptional dinosaur fossils show ontogenetic development of early feathers". Nature. 464 (7293): 1338–1341. doi:10.1038/nature08965. PMID 20428169. 
60. ↑ "Table 4.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 76.
61. ↑ Zhang, Fucheng; Kearns, Stuart L.; Orr, Patrick J.; Benton, Michael J.; Zhou, Zhonghe; Johnson, Diane; Xu, Xing; Wang, Xiaolin (2010). "Fossilized melanosomes and the colour of Cretaceous dinosaurs and birds". Nature. 463 (7284): 1075–1078. doi:10.1038/nature08740. PMID 20107440. 
62. ↑ Shu'an, JI; Chunling, GAO; Jinyuan, LIU; Qingjin, Meng; Qiang, JI (2007). "New material of Sinosauropteryx (Theropoda: Compsognathidae) from Western Liaoning, China". Acta Geologica Sinica. 81 (2): 177–182. doi:10.1111/j.1755-6724.2007.tb00942.x. 
63. ↑ Xu, X.; Wang, K.; Zhang, K.; Ma, Q.; Xing, L.; Sullivan, C.; Hu, D.; Cheng, S.; Wang, S.; et al. (2012). "A gigantic feathered dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of China" (PDF). Nature. 484 (7392): 92–95. doi:10.1038/nature10906. PMID 22481363. 
64. ↑ Xing L., Bell, P.R., Currie, P.J., Shibata M., Tseng K. & Dong Z. (2012). "A sauropod rib with an embedded theropod tooth: direct evidence for feeding behaviour in the Jehol group, China." Lethaia, (advance online publication). doi:10.1111/j.1502-3931.2012.00310.x.
65. ↑ Zhao, Q.; Xu, X. (2008). "A new Theropod from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation of Western Liaoning, China". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 28 (3): 164A. doi:10.1080/02724634.2008.10010459. 
66. ↑ Wang, X.; You, H.; Meng, Q.; Gao, C.; Chang, X.; Liu, J. (2007). "Dongbeititan dongi, the first sauropod dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous Jehol Group of western Liaoning Province, China". Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition). 81 (6): 911–916. doi:10.1111/j.1755-6724.2007.tb01013.x. 
67. 1 2 Barrett, P.M.; Wang, X. (2007). "Basal titanosauriform (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) teeth from the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation of Liaoning Province, China". Palaeoworld. 16 (4): 265–271. doi:10.1016/j.palwor.2007.07.001. 
68. ↑ Dunlop, J.A., Penney, D. and Jekel, D. (2010). "A summary list of fossil spiders." In Platnick, N. I. (ed.) The world spider catalog, version 10.5. American Museum of Natural History, online at http://research.amnh.org/entomology/spiders/catalog/index.html
69. 1 2 3 4 Huali, C.; Kirejtshuk, A.; Ren, D. (2010). "New Fossil Elaterids (Coleoptera: Polyphaga: Elateridae) From the Jehol Biota in China". Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 103 (6): 866–874. doi:10.1603/AN09076. 
70. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Lin, Q.B.; Huang, D.Y. (2001). "Description of Caenophemera shangyuanensis gen. nov., sp. nov. (Ephemeroptera), from the Yixian Formation". The Canadian Entomologist. 133 (6): 747–754. doi:10.4039/Ent133747-6. 
71. ↑ Jia, T., Liang, H., Chang, H. and Ren, D. (2011). "A new genus and species of fossil Eodromeinae from the Yixian Formation of Western Liaoning, China (Coleoptera: Adephaga: Trachypachidae)." Zootaxa, 2736: 63–68. pdf link
72. ↑ Bai, M.; Krell, F.T.; Ren, D.; Yang, X. (2010). "A New, Weil-Preserved Species of Glaresidae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea) from the Jehol Biota of China". Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition. 84 (4): 676–679. doi:10.1111/j.1755-6724.2010.00229.x. 
73. 1 2 Prokin, A.; Ren, D.; Martin, F. (2010). "New Mesozoic Water Scavenger Beetles from the Yixian Formation in China (Coleoptera: Hydrophiloidea)". Annales Zoologici. 60 (2): 173–179. doi:10.3161/000345410X516821. 
74. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Ren, D. (2002). "Progress in the study of Mesozoic fossil insects during the last decade in China". Acta Entomologica Sinica. 45: 234–240. 
75. ↑ Liu, M.; Lu, W.; Ren, D. (2007). "A new fossil mordellid (Coleoptera: Tenebrionoidea: Mordellidae) from the Yixian Formation of Western Liaoning Province, China". Zootaxa. 1415: 49–56. 
76. ↑ Yue, Y.; Ren, D.; Solodovnikovb, A. (2011). "The oldest fossil species of the rove beetle subfamily Oxyporinae (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) from the Early Cretaceous (Yixian Formation, China) and its phylogenetic significance". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 9 (4): 2. doi:10.1080/14772019.2010.493049. 
77. ↑ Nikolajev, G.V.; Ren, D. (2010). "New Genus of the Subfamily Geotrupinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea: Geotrupindae) from the Jehol Biota". Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition. 84 (4): 673–675. doi:10.1111/j.1755-6724.2010.00260.x. 
78. ↑ Yue, Y.; Zhao, Y.; Ren, D. (2010). "Three new Mesozoic Staphylinids (Coleoptera) from Liaoning, China". Cretaceous Research. 31 (1): 61–70. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2009.09.005. 
79. 1 2 Hegna, Thomas A.; Dong, REN (2010). "Two New "Notostracans", Chenops gen. nov. and Jeholops gen. nov. (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: ?Notostraca) from the Yixian Formation, Northeastern China". Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition. 84 (4): 886–894. doi:10.1111/j.1755-6724.2010.00232.x. 
80. 1 2 Shen, Y., Schram, F.R. and Taylor, R.S. (2001). "Morphological variation in fossil crayfish of the Jehol biota, Liaoning Province, China and its texonomic discrimination." Chinese Science Bulletin, 46(1 ): 26-33.
81. ↑ Zhang, B. Ren; Pang, H. (2008). "Telmaeshna paradoxica gen. et sp. nov., a new fossil dragonfly (Insecta: Odonata: Anisoptera) from the Yixian Formation, Liaoning, China". Zootaxa. 1681: 62–68. 
82. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Zhang, J. (2000). "The discovery of aeschnidiid nymphs (Aeschnidiidae, Odonata, Insecta)". Chinese Science Bulletin. 45 (11): 1031–1038. doi:10.1007/bf02884986. 
83. 1 2 3 4 Lin, Q. (1994). "Cretaceous insects of China". Cretaceous Research. 15 (3): 305–316. doi:10.1006/cres.1994.1019. 
84. ↑ Fleck, G.; Nel, A. (2003). "Revision of the Mesozoic family Aeschnidiidae (Odonata: Anisoptera)". Zoologica. 153: 1–170. 
85. ↑ Zhang, J. (2007). "New mesosciophilid gnats (Insecta: Diptera: Mesosciophilidae) in the Daohugou biota of Inner Mongolia, China". Cretaceous Research. 28 (2): 297–301. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2006.05.007. 
86. ↑ Huang, D.; Lin, Q. (2007). "A new soldier fly (Diptera, Stratiomyidae) from the Lower Cretaceous of Liaoning Province, northeast China". Cretaceous Research. 28 (2): 317–321. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2006.05.006. 
87. ↑ Zhang, J. (2007). "New Mesozoic Protopleciidae (Insecta: Diptera: Nematocera) from China". Cretaceous Research. 28 (2): 289–296. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2006.05.009. 
88. 1 2 3 Feng, H.; Shih, C.; Ren, D.; Liu, C. (2011). "New male pelecinid wasps (Hymenoptera: Pelecinidae) from the Yixian Formation of western Liaoning (China)". Geologica Carpathica. 61 (6): 463–468. doi:10.2478/v10096-010-0028-x. 
89. ↑ Zhang, H.; Rasnitsyn, A.P.; Wang, D.; Zhang, Y. (2007). "Some hatchet wasps (Hymenoptera, Evaniidae) from the Yixian Formation of western Liaoning, China". Cretaceous Research. 28 (2): 310–316. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2006.05.003. 
90. ↑ Enrique Peñalver; Jaime Ortega-Blanco; André Nel; Xavier Delclòs (2010). "Mesozoic Evaniidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) in Spanish Amber: Reanalysis of the Phylogeny of the Evanioidea". Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition. 84 (4): 809–827. doi:10.1111/j.1755-6724.2010.00257.x. 
91. ↑ Gao, T.; Rasnitsyn, A.P.; Ren, D.; Shih, C. (2010). "The first Praesiricidae (Hymenoptera) from Northeast China". Annales de la Société Entomologique de France. 46 (1–2): 148–153. doi:10.1080/00379271.2010.10697650. 
92. 1 2 3 Huang, J.; Ren, D.; Sinitshenkova, N. D.; Shih, C. (2007). "New genus and species of Hexagenitidae (Insecta: Ephemeroptera) from Yixian Formation, China". Zootaxa. 1629: 39–50. 
93. 1 2 Menon, F.; Heads, S.W.; Martill, D.M. (2005). "New Palaeontinidae (Insecta: Cicadomorpha) from the Lower Cretaceous Crato Formation of Brazil". Cretaceous Research. 26 (6): 837–844. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2005.05.005. 
94. ↑ Ren, D.; Makarkin, V.N.; Yang, Q. (2010). "A new fossil genus of Mesochrysopidae (Neuroptera) from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation of China". Zootaxa. 2523: 50–56. 
95. ↑ Zhang, X.; Ren, D.; Pang, H.; Shih, C. (2008). "A new genus and species of Chresmodidae (Insecta: Gryllones) from Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous of Yixian Formation, Inner Mongolia, China". Zootaxa. 1702: 26–40. 
96. ↑ Liu, Y.; Sinitshenkova, N.D.; Ren, D. (2007). "A new genus and species of stonefly (Insecta: Plecoptera) from the Yixian Formation, Liaoning Province, China". Cretaceous Research. 28 (2): 322–326. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2006.08.003. 
97. ↑ Yang, Q.; Zhao, Y.; Dong, R. (2009). "An exceptionally well-preserved fossil Kalligrammatid from the Jehol Biota". Chinese Science Bulletin. 54 (10): 1732–1737. doi:10.1007/s11434-009-0284-2. 
98. ↑ Davis, S.R.; Engel, M.S.; Ren, D. (2010). "A pupal caddisfly from the Early Cretaceous of China (Trichoptera)". Cretaceous Research. 31 (4): 396–399. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2010.05.001. 
99. ↑ Huang, D., Engel, M.S., Cai, C., Wu, H. and Nel, A. (2012). "Diverse transitional giant fleas from the Mesozoic era of China." Nature, (advance online publication). doi:10.1038/nature10839
100. ↑ Wang, Y., Zheng, S., Yang, X., Zhang, W., and Ni, Q. (2006). "The biodiversity and palaeoclimate of conifer floras from the Early Cretaceous deposits in western Liaoning, northeast China." International Symposium on Cretaceous Major Geological Events and Earth System, 56A.
101. 1 2 Wang, X.; Zheng, S. (2009). "The earliest normal flower from Liaoning Province, China". Journal of Integrative Plant Biology. 51 (8): 800–811. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7909.2009.00838.x. PMID 19686377. 
102. ↑ Sun, G., Dilcher, D.L., Wang, H. and Chen, Z. (2011). "A eudicot from the Early Cretaceous of China." Nature, 471: 625–628 (31 March 2011) doi:10.1038/nature09811
103. ↑ Zheng, S.; Zhou, Z. (2004). "A new Mesozoic Ginkgo from western Liaoning, China and its evolutionary significance". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 131: 91–103. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2004.03.002. 
104. 1 2 Sun, G.; Dilcher, D.L.; Zheng, S.; Zhou, Z. (1998). "In Search of the First Flower: A Jurassic Angiosperm, Archaefructus, from Northeast China". Science. 282 (5394): 1692–1695. doi:10.1126/science.282.5394.1692. PMID 9831557. 
105. ↑ Rydin, C.; Friis, E.M. (2010). "A new Early Cretaceous relative of Gnetales: Siphonospermum simplex gen. et sp. nov. from the Yixian Formation of Northeast China". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 10: 1–6. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-10-183.