Mariano Fernández de Folgueras

Mariano Fernández de Folgueras y Fernández Flores^[1] (1766 - June 1, 1823), was a Spanish military and colonial administrator who twice became the Governor-General of the Philippines from 1806 to 1810 and from 1816 to 1822. It was during his term when the people from Ilocandia revolted against Spain in 1807, the Napoleonic Spain was established in 1808 and the Viceroyalty of New Spain was dissolved in 1821.

Biography

Fernández de Folgueras was born in Galicia, Spain in an unknown date and became a lieutenant of the King of Spain for the Philippines. When Rafael María de Aguilar y Ponce de León died in 1806, he succeeded as the acting Governor-General of the islands. In September 16, 1807, he witnessed the Basi Revolt in Ilocos, which culminated twelve days later when the Spanish successfully quelled the rebels. In 1809, he gave permission to English traders to establish the first commercial houses in the Philippines.

He returned to the post when José Gardoqui Jaraveitia died in office and was named to succeed him. During his term, the pressure from absolutist policy accentuated in the Philippines, and his actions of giving administrative posts to peninsulares and foreigners accumulated to several uprisings against foreigners residing in Manila. He created the province of Ilocos Norte on February 2, 1818 and reestablished the Sociedad Económica de los Amigos del País on December 17, 1819. In 1820, the Escuela Nautica de Manila was established. From October 9–10, 1820, several foreigners were massacred by the natives because of Spanish authorities' claim that the natives spread the cholera in the islands. In 1821, Mexico became an independent nation as a conclusion to Mexican War of Independence; the Viceroyalty was dissolved and the country was directly controlled by the Spanish Crown through the Ministry of the Colonies (Ministerio de Ultramar).

In October 30, 1822, Fernández de Folgueras gave the office to Juan Antonio Martínez and returned to become the lieutenant governor once again. On 1823, Creoles and mestizos staged an insurrection against the government of Martínez because of the growing sentiments on how the Spanish authorities treated them. Led by Andrés Novales, this became known as the Novales Revolt. Fernández de Folgueras died on June 1, 1823 when the rebels occupied government buildings in Intramuros.

References

• Folgueras Fernández, Mariano (-1823)
• Sakop Espanol sa Pilipinas - 5
• Connections After Colonialism: Europe and Latin America in the 1820s
• The Remnants of the Great Ilonggo Nation

Spanish Governors-General of the Philippines
1565–1898
Under the Viceroyalty of New Spain (1565–1821)	Miguel López de Legazpi Guido de Lavezaris Francisco de Sande Gonzalo Ronquillo de Peñalosa Diego Ronquillo Santiago de Vera Gómez Pérez Dasmariñas Pedro de Rojas Luis Pérez Dasmariñas Francisco Tello de Guzmán Pedro Bravo de Acuña Cristóbal Téllez de Almanza Count of Valle de Orizaba Juan de Silva Andrés Alcaraz Alonso Fajardo Jeronimo de Silva Fernándo de Silva Juan Niño de Tabora Lorenzo de Olaza Juan Cerezo de Salamanca Sebastián Hurtado de Corcuera Diego Fajardo Sabiniano Manrique de Lara Diego de Salcedo Juan Manuel de la Peña Bonifaz Manuel de León Francisco Coloma Francisco Sotomayor Juan de Vargas Gabriel de Curuzealegui Alonso de Ávila Fuertes Fausto Cruzat y Góngora Domingo Zabálburu de Echevarri Martín de Urzua y Arismendi José Torralba Fernando Bustamante Francisco de la Cuesta Toribio José Cosio Fernándo Valdés Gaspar de la Torre Juan de Arechederra Marquis of Brindisi and Ovando Pedro Manuel de Arandía Miguel Lino de Ezpeleta Manuel Rojo Simón de Anda Francisco Javier de la Torre José Antonio Raón Simón de Anda Pedro de Sarrio José Basco Pedro de Sarrio Félix Berenguer de Marquina Rafael María de Aguilar Mariano Fernández de Folgueras Manuel Gonzalez de Aguilar José Gardoqui Jaraveitia Mariano Fernández de Folgueras
Under Spain (1821–1898)	Mariano Fernández de Folgueras Juan Antonio Martínez Mariano Ricafort Pasqual Enrile Gabriel de Torres Joaquín de Crámer Pedro Antonio Salazar Andrés García Camba Luis Lardizábal Marcelino de Oraá Lecumberri Francisco de Paula Alcalá de la Torre Narciso Clavería Antonio María Blanco Juan Antonio de Urbiztondo Ramón Montero Manuel Pavía Ramón Montero Manuel Crespo Ramón Montero Fernándo Norzagaray Ramón María Solano Juan Herrera Dávila José Lemery Salvador Valdés Rafael de Echague Joaquín del Solar Juan de Lara José Laureano de Sanz Juan Antonio Osorio Joaquín del Solar José de la Gándara Manuel Maldonado Cárlos María de la Torre Rafael de Izquierdo Manuel MacCrohon Juan Alaminos Manuel Blanco Valderrama Marquis of San Rafael Marquis of Oroquieta Rafael Rodríguez Arias Fernando Primo de Rivera Emilio Molíns Joaquín Jovellar Emilio Molíns Emilio Terrero Antonio Molto Federico Lobaton Valeriano Weyler Eulogio Despujol Federico Ochando Ramon Blanco Camilo de Polavieja José de Lachambre Fernando Primo de Rivera Basilio Augustín Fermín Jáudenes Francisco Rizzo Diego de los Ríos
Italics indicates a member of the clergy of the Roman Catholic Church. Smallcaps indicates an oidor of the Real Audiencia of Manila.