Gross–Koblitz formula

In mathematics, the Gross–Koblitz formula, introduced by Gross and Koblitz (1979) expresses a Gauss sum using a product of values of the p-adic gamma function. It is an analog of the Chowla–Selberg formula for the usual gamma function. It implies the Hasse–Davenport relation and generalizes the Stickelberger theorem. Boyarsky (1980) gave another proof of the Gross–Koblitz formula using Dwork's work, and Robert (2001) gave an elementary proof.

Statement

The Gross–Koblitz formula states that the Gauss sum τ can be given in terms of the p-adic gamma function Γ_p by

where

• q is a power p^f of a prime p
• r is an integer with 0 ≤ r < q–1
• r⁽ⁱ⁾ is the integer whose base p expansion is a cyclic permutation of the f digits of r by i positions.
• s_p(r) is the sum of the digits of r in base p

where the sum is over roots of 1 in the extension Q_p(π)

• π satisfies π^{p – 1} = –p
• ζ_π is the pth root of 1 congruent to 1+π mod π²

References

• Boyarsky, Maurizio (1980), "p-adic gamma functions and Dwork cohomology", Transactions of the American Mathematical Society, 257 (2): 359–369, doi:10.2307/1998301, ISSN 0002-9947, MR 552263 
• Cohen, Henri (2007). Number Theory – Volume II: Analytic and Modern Tools. Graduate Texts in Mathematics. 240. Springer-Verlag. pp. 383–395. ISBN 978-0-387-49893-5. Zbl 1119.11002. 
• Gross, Benedict H.; Koblitz, Neal (1979), "Gauss sums and the p-adic Γ-function", Annals of Mathematics. Second Series, 109 (3): 569–581, doi:10.2307/1971226, ISSN 0003-486X, MR 534763 
• Robert, Alain M. (2001), "The Gross-Koblitz formula revisited", Rendiconti del Seminario Matematico della Università di Padova. The Mathematical Journal of the University of Padova, 105: 157–170, ISSN 0041-8994, MR 1834987