GNB4

Identifiers

GNB4, CMTD1F, G protein subunit beta 4

External IDs

MGI: 104581 HomoloGene: 69140 GeneCards: GNB4

Gene ontology
Molecular function	• protein complex binding • signal transducer activity
Cellular component	• myelin sheath • lysosomal membrane • plasma membrane • extracellular exosome • cytosol
Biological process	• cellular response to glucagon stimulus • substantia nigra development • signal transduction • protein folding
Sources:Amigo / QuickGO

Orthologs

Species

Human

Mouse

Entrez


59345


14696

Ensembl


ENSG00000114450


ENSMUSG00000027669

UniProt


Q9HAV0


P29387

RefSeq (mRNA)


NM_021629


NM_013531

RefSeq (protein)


NP_067642.1


NP_038559.2

Location (UCSC)

Chr 3: 179.4 – 179.45 Mb

Chr 3: 32.58 – 32.62 Mb

PubMed search

^[1]

^[2]

Wikidata

View/Edit Human

View/Edit Mouse

Guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta-4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GNB4 gene.^[3]^[4]^[5]

Heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins), which integrate signals between receptors and effector proteins, are composed of an alpha, a beta, and a gamma subunit. These subunits are encoded by families of related genes. This gene encodes a beta subunit. Beta subunits are important regulators of alpha subunits, as well as of certain signal transduction receptors and effectors.^[5]

References

↑ "Human PubMed Reference:".
↑ "Mouse PubMed Reference:".
↑ Downes GB, Gautam N (Mar 2000). "The G protein subunit gene families". Genomics. 62 (3): 544–52. doi:10.1006/geno.1999.5992. PMID 10644457.
↑ Ruiz-Velasco V, Ikeda SR, Puhl HL (Feb 2002). "Cloning, tissue distribution, and functional expression of the human G protein beta 4-subunit". Physiol Genomics. 8 (1): 41–50. doi:10.1152/physiolgenomics.00085.2001. PMID 11842130.
1 2 "Entrez Gene: GNB4 guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein), beta polypeptide 4".

Pietruck F, Moritz A, Montemurro M, et al. (1996). "Selectively enhanced cellular signaling by Gi proteins in essential hypertension. G alpha i2, G alpha i3, G beta 1, and G beta 2 are not mutated.". Circ. Res. 79 (5): 974–83. doi:10.1161/01.res.79.5.974. PMID 8888689.
Asano T, Morishita R, Ueda H, Kato K (1999). "Selective association of G protein beta(4) with gamma(5) and gamma(12) subunits in bovine tissues.". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (30): 21425–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.30.21425. PMID 10409705.
Huang L, Shanker YG, Dubauskaite J, et al. (2000). "Ggamma13 colocalizes with gustducin in taste receptor cells and mediates IP3 responses to bitter denatonium.". Nat. Neurosci. 2 (12): 1055–62. doi:10.1038/15981. PMID 10570481.
Evanko DS, Thiyagarajan MM, Siderovski DP, Wedegaertner PB (2001). "Gbeta gamma isoforms selectively rescue plasma membrane localization and palmitoylation of mutant Galphas and Galphaq.". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (26): 23945–53. doi:10.1074/jbc.M101154200. PMID 11294873.
Huang L, Max M, Margolskee RF, et al. (2003). "G protein subunit G gamma 13 is coexpressed with G alpha o, G beta 3, and G beta 4 in retinal ON bipolar cells.". J. Comp. Neurol. 455 (1): 1–10. doi:10.1002/cne.10396. PMID 12454992.
Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences.". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC 139241. PMID 12477932.
Cuello F, Schulze RA, Heemeyer F, et al. (2003). "Activation of heterotrimeric G proteins by a high energy phosphate transfer via nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDPK) B and Gbeta subunits. Complex formation of NDPK B with Gbeta gamma dimers and phosphorylation of His-266 IN Gbeta.". J. Biol. Chem. 278 (9): 7220–6. doi:10.1074/jbc.M210304200. PMID 12486123.
Sprague RS, Bowles EA, Olearczyk JJ, et al. (2003). "The role of G protein beta subunits in the release of ATP from human erythrocytes.". J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 53 (4 Pt 1): 667–74. PMID 12512701.
Rosskopf D, Nikula C, Manthey I, et al. (2003). "The human G protein beta4 subunit: gene structure, expression, Ggamma and effector interaction.". FEBS Lett. 544 (1-3): 27–32. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(03)00441-1. PMID 12782285.
Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, et al. (2004). "Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs.". Nat. Genet. 36 (1): 40–5. doi:10.1038/ng1285. PMID 14702039.
Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, et al. (2004). "The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).". Genome Res. 14 (10B): 2121–7. doi:10.1101/gr.2596504. PMC 528928. PMID 15489334.

PDB gallery

1a0r: HETEROTRIMERIC COMPLEX OF PHOSDUCIN/TRANSDUCIN BETA-GAMMA

1b9x: STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF PHOSDUCIN AND ITS PHOSPHORYLATION-REGULATED INTERACTION WITH TRANSDUCIN

1b9y: STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF PHOSDUCIN AND ITS PHOSPHORYLATION-REGULATED INTERACTION WITH TRANSDUCIN BETA-GAMMA

1gg2: G PROTEIN HETEROTRIMER MUTANT GI_ALPHA_1(G203A) BETA_1 GAMMA_2 WITH GDP BOUND

1got: HETEROTRIMERIC COMPLEX OF A GT-ALPHA/GI-ALPHA CHIMERA AND THE GT-BETA-GAMMA SUBUNITS

1gp2: G PROTEIN HETEROTRIMER GI_ALPHA_1 BETA_1 GAMMA_2 WITH GDP BOUND

1omw: Crystal Structure of the complex between G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 2 and Heterotrimeric G Protein beta 1 and gamma 2 subunits

1tbg: BETA-GAMMA DIMER OF THE HETEROTRIMERIC G-PROTEIN TRANSDUCIN

1xhm: The Crystal Structure of a Biologically Active Peptide (SIGK) Bound to a G Protein Beta:Gamma Heterodimer

2bcj: Crystal Structure of G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 2 in Complex with Galpha-q and Gbetagamma Subunits

2trc: PHOSDUCIN/TRANSDUCIN BETA-GAMMA COMPLEX

Intracellular signaling peptides and proteins

MAP

see MAP kinase pathway

Calcium

G protein

Heterotrimeric

cAMP:	Heterotrimeric G protein Gs/Gi Adenylate cyclase cAMP 3',5'-cyclic-AMP phosphodiesterase Protein kinase A

cGMP:	Transducin Gustducin Guanylate cyclase cGMP 3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase Protein kinase G

G alpha subunit G_α GNAO1 GNAI1 GNAI2 GNAI3 GNAT1 GNAT2 GNAT3 GNAZ GNAS GNAL GNAQ GNA11 GNA12 GNA13 GNA14 GNA15/GNA16

G beta-gamma complex G_β GNB1 GNB2 GNB3 GNB4 GNB5 G_γ GNGT1 GNGT2 GNG2 GNG3 GNG4 GNG5 GNG7 GNG8 GNG10 GNG11 GNG12 GNG13 BSCL2

G protein-coupled receptor kinase AMP-activated protein kinase

Monomeric

Cyclin

Lipid

Other protein kinase

Serine/threonine:	Casein kinase 1 2 eIF-2 kinase EIF2AK3 Glycogen synthase kinase GSK1 GSK2 GSK-3 GSK3A GSK3B IκB kinase CHUK IKK2 IKBKG Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase IRAK1 IRAK2 IRAK3 IRAK4 Lim kinase LIMK1 LIMK2 p21-activated kinases PAK1 PAK2 PAK3 PAK4 Rho-associated protein kinase ROCK1 ROCK2 Ribosomal s6 kinase RPS6KA1

Tyrosine:	ZAP70 Focal adhesion protein-tyrosine kinase PTK2 PTK2B BTK

both	Dual-specificity kinase

Other protein phosphatase

Serine/threonine:	Protein phosphatase 2

Tyrosine:	protein tyrosine phosphatase: Receptor-like protein tyrosine phosphatase Sh2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase

both:	Dual-specificity phosphatase

Apoptosis

see apoptosis signaling pathway

GTP-binding protein regulators

see GTP-binding protein regulators

Other

see also deficiencies of intracellular signaling peptides and proteins

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GNB4

References

Further reading