Buffer stop

Two views of a Hayes-built bumper at the Linden Railroad Museum, Linden, Indiana. This design accommodates the AAR coupler.

Energy-absorbing buffer stop in France

This buffer stop is designed to move up to 7 metres (23 ft) to slow down a 850-tonne (840-long-ton; 940-short-ton) passenger train from 15 km/h (9.3 mph) without damaging the train or injuring passengers.

A buffer stop or sand drag on the Montreal Metro

A buffer stop or bumper (US) is a device to prevent railway vehicles from going past the end of a physical section of track.

The design of the buffer stop is dependent, in part, on the kind of couplings that the railway uses, since the coupling gear is the first part of the vehicle that the buffer stop touches. The term "buffer stop" is of British origin, since railways in Great Britain principally use buffer-and-screw couplings between vehicles.

Types

Several different types of buffer stop have been developed. They differ depending on the type of coupler used and on the intended application.

• Buffer stops with anticlimbers. These are particularly important for passenger railway applications, because the anticlimbers prevent telescoping of the railroad cars during a head-on impact.
• Buffer stops for a knuckle coupler or an SA3 coupler (centrally positioned between the two rails)
• Buffer stops with traditional "buffers" on either side
• Hydraulic buffer stops
• Friction buffer stops (bolted down to the rail)

If there is extra room behind the bumper block, there is usually a sand or ballast drag that is designed to further retard a runaway train. One such accident occurred when a Northern Line train powered past the bumper block at Moorgate station in 1975 on the London Underground system.

Energy-absorbing

Largely because of its mass, a train transfers an enormous amount of kinetic energy in a collision with a buffer stop. Rigid buffers can only safely cope with very low-speed impacts (i.e., nearly stationary). To improve stopping performance, a way of dissipating this energy is needed, through compression or friction. Following a buffer stop accident at Frankfurt am Main in 1902, the Rawie company developed a large range of energy-absorbing buffer stops. Similar hydraulic buffer stops were developed by Ransomes & Rapier in the UK.

Dowty retarders

Dowty retarders

When it is desired to slow or stop moving trains, without erecting a solid buffer stop, dowty retarders may be employed. They press upwards against the wheels, and may optionally be turned off as required.

Examples

• Raja Trains Depot in Tehran
  • Stopping speed: 20 km/h (12 mph)
  • Stopping distance: 20 m (66 ft).^[1]

Wheel stop

Wheel stops are used to stop slow moving trains from continuing down a level track section.

Accidents

The aftermath of the Gare Montparnasse accident

• 22 October 1895 – Gare Montparnasse, Paris, France – express train overruns buffer stop and falls into street below.
• 4 April 1901 – at the Top Points of the Lithgow Zig Zag, a train lost control on the 1 in 42 (2.381%) gradient and failed to stop at the buffer stops, coming to rest overhanging Ida Falls Gully, with an immediate 200 ft (61 m) drop in front of the engine.
• 1902 – Frankfurt am Main, Germany – Serious buffer stop collision inspires development of Rawie range of energy-absorbing buffer stops.
• 27 July 1903 – Glasgow St Enoch – 16 killed 27 injured
• 1948 – diesel train through buffer stops at Los Angeles.^[2]
• 15 January 1953 – Union Station, Washington, D.C. – Federal Express #173, pulled by PRR 4876, overruns the stop after its brakes fail. The locomotive enters the concourse of the station building before falling through the floor. A temporary floor was built over the hole and locomotive for the upcoming inauguration of Dwight D. Eisenhower before the locomotive was shipped back to Altoona, Pennsylvania in three pieces for repairs.
• 1972 – BART train went through buffer stops due to fault in automatic train operation.
• 28 February 1975 – Moorgate Underground rail crash – 43 killed, 74 injured – buffer stop collision made far worse by small size "tube" train running into large dimensioned dead-end tunnel beyond. The tunnel could accommodate full-size surface stock thus permitting the smaller train to concertina inside the tunnel.
• 13 April 1978 – Budapest, Hungary – commuter train overruns a buffer stop owing to brake failure and crashes into the station building. 16 killed, 25 injured.^[3]
• 8 November 1986 – Hua Lamphong, Bangkok, Thailand – 5 killed, 7 injured – buffer stop collision made by an unmanned train at a speed of 50 km/h (31 mph).
• 8 January 1991 – Cannon Street station rail crash, London – 2 killed, 200+ injured – commuter train hits buffer stops.
• 11 July 1995 – Largs – Class 318 EMU goes through buffer stops.
• 24 July 2001 – ScotRail commuter train hits the buffers as it pulls into Edinburgh Waverley injuring seven people.
• 26 October 2006 – Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia – a Star LRT train goes through buffer stops at the end of a stabling area (turnback perhaps) and ends up dangling over street. The train appears to have been empty of passengers.^[4]
• 21 December 2009 – Zagreb, Croatia – commuter train number 5100 from Sisak Caprag crashes into the platform bumper. The cause was antifreeze fluid in the locomotive's braking system which had frozen because of the extremely low outside temperature (−22 °C or −7.6 °F). Luckily, the speed of the train was only between 15 and 20 km/h (9.3 and 12.4 mph). 60 people from the train (including train's engineer) were injured, 7 of them seriously. There were no injuries among people on the platform. The engineer leaned out of the cab window to warn people on the platform that his brakes had failed and that the train would crash at the end of the platform.^[5]
• 25 July 2010 – Stavoren railway station, the Netherlands – A maintenance train collided with a buffer stop at the single-track terminus station. The train rammed a small shop, passed through it and stopped at the square behind it. Only two people were injured, out of four people on the train. The accident happened late at night, when passenger services had already finished. The cause is being investigated.^[6]
• 1 January 2011 – Malmö, Sweden – An X 2000 train reverses into the buffer stop. The last car telescopes over the power unit. The driver was the only person on board the train. He sustained minor injuries.^[7]
• 2 March 2011 – San Francisco 4th and King Street Station, San Francisco, California – A Caltrain commuter train failed to stop before hitting the buffer stop. Multiple minor injuries were reported.^[8]
• 8 May 2011 – Hoboken Terminal, New Jersey – A Port Authority Trans-Hudson rapid transit train crashes into a bumper.^[9][10] At least 34 are injured, none critically. The cause is being investigated.
• 22 February 2012 – Buenos Aires, Argentina – a commuter train collided with buffer stops at a train station in Buenos Aires during the morning rush hour. The accident killed 51 people and injured more than 700 in Argentina's worst rail accident in 30 years.^[11] The buffer stops do not absorb energy.
• 15 January 2013 – Saltsjöbaden, Sweden – A cleaning lady accidentally set a four-car EMU commuter train in motion while cleaning it at the Neglinge depot. It reached 80 km/h and demolished a buffer stop at Saltsjöbaden station before crashing into a small apartment block about 25 m beyond the end of the track, badly injuring the cleaning lady.^[12]
• 31 January 2013 - Brisbane, Australia - A train failed to stop at the end of the line at Cleveland railway station. The train overshot the buffer stop and ran into station building. A number of people were treated for minor injuries.^[13]
• 15 April 2013 - Wellington, New Zealand - A Matangi EMU fails to stop at the Melling railway station and collides with the buffer stop. No injuries reported.^[14]
• In November 2013, a Class 221 Virgin Train overran the buffers at Chester. Minor injuries occurred, with one man being taken to hospital for checks.^[15][16]
• 24 March 2014 - Chicago, Illinois - A Chicago Transit Authority passenger train overran the bumper at O'Hare Subway Station, with the front car of the eight-car train partially ascending an escalator. 32 people were injured in the incident.^[17]
• 20 March 2015 - Uttar Pradesh, India - The Dehradun-Varanasi Janata Express derailed near Bachhrawan, resulting in at least fifty-eight deaths and 150 people being injured. The driver reported by radio that the brakes on the train had failed, and that he could not stop the train. It was diverted into a siding and crashed through the buffers at Bachhrawan.^[18][19]
• 26 April 2015 - Cairo, Egypt - A Cairo Metro train crashed into the buffer stop and derailed at Abbassia station on line 3, the train crashed while it was coming out of maintenance on a branch line and going back to the main rail, the driver sustained injuries with no injuries among the passengers.^[20][21]
• 28 June 2015 - Mumbai, India - A local train crashed into a buffer on platform no. 3 of Churchgate station in Mumbai. 6 people were injured in the accident. The Hydraulic buffer used to slow the impact did not function and the train overshot the platform.
• 17 September 2015 - London, England - A Thameslink train crashed into a buffer at Kings Cross station on platform 11 at 12.18. The train had been pulling into the station at low speed when the train hit the buffer. Five people were treated for minor injuries & two were taken to hospital.^[22]
• 9 April 2016 – Karlstad, Sweden – A chartered train reverses into the buffer at Karlstad Central Station on platform 20 at 14:50. The last car of the train telescoped over the buffer, stopping a few meters short of a nearby convenience store. No passengers were aboard the train during the accident but one staff member was treated for minor injuries. ^[23]
• 29 September 2016 – Hoboken, New Jersey The cab car of a NJ Transit Pascack Valley Line commuter train entering Hoboken Terminal overran the buffer block on track five at at 8:45 AM. The train continued across the low-level passenger concourse connecting the platforms and slammed into a wall of the terminal building, causing serious structural damage. One person was killed and more than 100 were injured.

See also

• Shock absorber
• List of rail accidents
• Buffer (rail transport)
• Cushioning

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Buffers.

• Book about Buffer Stops in Victoria