Web browser engine
A web browser engine (sometimes called layout engine or rendering engine) is a program that renders marked up content (such as HTML, XML, image files, etc.) and formatting information (such as CSS, XSL, etc.).
A layout engine is a typical component of web browsers, email clients, e-book readers, on-line help systems or other applications that require the displaying (and editing) of web content. Engines may wait for all data to be received before rendering a page, or may begin rendering before all data are received. This can result in pages changing as more data is received, such as images being filled in or a flash of unstyled content if rendering begins before formatting information is received.
Examples
KDE's open-source KHTML engine is used in KDE's Konqueror web browser and was the basis for WebKit, the rendering engine in Apple's Safari and Google's Chrome web browsers, which is now the most widely used browser engine according to StatCounter. Current versions of Chromium/Chrome (except iOS version) and Opera are based on Blink, a fork of WebKit.
Gecko, the Mozilla project's open-source web browser engine, is used by a variety of products derived from the Mozilla code base, including the Firefox web browser, the Thunderbird e-mail client, and SeaMonkey internet suite.
Trident, the web browser engine from Internet Explorer, is used by many applications on the Microsoft Windows platform, such as netSmart, Outlook Express, some versions of Microsoft Outlook, and the mini-browsers in Winamp and RealPlayer. Trident has been superseded by EdgeHTML.
Opera Software's proprietary Presto engine is licensed to a number of other software vendors, and was used in Opera's own web browser until it was switched to Blink in 2013.
MARTHA is a proprietary software engine developed with Java by RealObjects. The vendor prefix for MARTHA is -ro-
Technical operation
The first web browsers were monolithic. They used various techniques inherited from text processing, such as regular expressions, to parse HTML into a visual representation. Later they adopted a more modular approach and were split into a host application and an engine.
- The engine does most of the work. It essentially takes a URL and a set of window (content area) rectangle coordinates as arguments. It then retrieves the document corresponding to the URL and paints a graphical representation of it in the given rectangle. It also handles links, forms, cookies, client-side scripting, plug-in loading, and other matters.
- The host application provides the menu bar, address bar, status bar, bookmark manager, history and preferences functionality (among other things). It embeds the engine and serves as an interface between the user, the engine, and the underlying operating system. Since it provides the graphical elements surrounding the area in which the engine paints documents, programmers sometimes use the term chrome to refer to its user interface (like the chrome surrounding a car).
This modular approach has the advantage that it then becomes easy to embed web-browser engines in a variety of applications. For example, the same engine used by a web browser can be used by an email client to display HTML email. On-line help systems integrated in applications have largely moved from using custom formats to using standard HTML displayed with a web-browser engine. The EPUB 3 e-book standard uses a layout engine to render XHTML and CSS.
Timeline
See also
- Comparison of web browser engines
- List of layout engines
- Layout (computing)
- Code refactoring
- Rasterisation
- Page description language
- User agent