Visual processing

Not to be confused with image processing.

Visual processing is the sequence of steps that information takes as it flows from visual sensors to cognitive processing. The sensors may be zoological eyes or they may be cameras or sensor arrays that sense various portions of the electromagnetic spectrum.

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Optical illusions

List of optical illusions

Afterimage Barberpole Bezold Blivet Café wall Cornsweet Delboeuf Ebbinghaus Ehrenstein Flash lag Fraser spiral Grid Hering Jastrow Mach McCollough Müller-Lyer Necker Orbison Penrose stairs triangle Peripheral drift Poggendorff Ponzo Rubin Sander Schroeder Ternus Vertical–horizontal White's Wundt Zöllner

Related	Auditory Tactile Temporal Op art Ascending and Descending Waterfall

Anatomy of the globe of the eye

Fibrous tunic (outer)

Sclera	Episcleral layer Schlemm's canal Trabecular meshwork

Cornea	Limbus layers Epithelium Bowman's Stroma Dua's layer Descemet's Endothelium

1:posterior segment 2:ora serrata 3:ciliary muscle 4:ciliary zonules 5:Schlemm's canal 6:pupil 7:anterior chamber 8:cornea 9:iris 10:lens cortex 11:lens nucleus 12:ciliary process 13:conjunctiva 14:inferior oblique muscule 15:inferior rectus muscule 16:medial rectus muscle 17:retinal arteries and veins 18:optic disc 19:dura mater 20:central retinal artery 21:central retinal vein 22:optic nerve 23:vorticose vein 24:bulbar sheath 25:macula 26:fovea 27:sclera 28:choroid 29:superior rectus muscle 30:retina

Uvea/vascular tunic (middle)

Choroid	Capillary lamina of choroid Bruch's membrane Sattler's layer

Ciliary body	Ciliary processes Ciliary muscle Pars plicata Pars plana

Iris	Stroma Pupil Iris dilator muscle Iris sphincter muscle

Retina (inner)

Layers	Inner limiting membrane Nerve fiber layer Ganglion cell layer Inner plexiform layer Inner nuclear layer Outer plexiform layer Outer nuclear layer External limiting membrane Layer of rods and cones Retinal pigment epithelium

Cells	Photoreceptor cells (Cone cell, Rod cell) → (Horizontal cell) → Bipolar cell → (Amacrine cell) → Retina ganglion cell (Midget cell, Parasol cell, Bistratified cell, Giant retina ganglion cells, Photosensitive ganglion cell) → Diencephalon: P cell, M cell, K cell, Muller glia

Other	Macula Foveola Fovea centralis Parafovea Perifovea Optic disc Optic cup Ora serrata

Anatomical regions of the eye

Anterior segment	Adnexa Fibrous tunic Anterior chamber Aqueous humor Iris Posterior chamber Ciliary body Lens Capsule of lens Zonule of Zinn

Posterior segment	Vitreous chamber Vitreous humor Retina Choroid

Other

The sensory system

Special senses	Sight Visual system Hearing Auditory system Smell Olfactory system Taste Gustatory system

Touch and position	Pain Nociception Temperature Thermoception Sense of balance Vestibular system Mechanoreception Pressure vibration Proprioception Sense of body parts and movement

Other	Sensory receptor Multisensory integration Sensory processing Chemoreception

Phenomena of the visual system

Entoptic phenomena	Blind spot Phosphene Floater Afterimage Haidinger's brush Prisoner's cinema Blue field entoptic phenomenon Purkinje images

Other phenomena	Aura Form constant Scintillating scotoma Palinopsia Visual snow Afterimage on empty shape Cosmic ray visual phenomena Scotopic sensitivity syndrome

General
conditions

Speech and language impairments / communication disorders	Expressive language disorder Infantile speech Landau–Kleffner syndrome Language disorder Lisp Mixed receptive-expressive language disorder Specific language impairment Speech and language impairment Speech disorder Speech error Speech sound disorder Stammering Tip of the tongue

Scholastic skills/ learning disorder	Developmental dyslexia Dyscalculia Dysgraphia (Disorder of written expression)

Motor function	Developmental coordination disorder Developmental verbal dyspraxia also known as Childhood apraxia of speech

Other	Auditory processing disorder Sensory processing disorder

Related topics

Lists

Literacy

Teaching literacy	Reading education in the US Phonics Whole language Dick and Jane National Council of Teachers of English No Child Left Behind Act Family literacy Adolescent literacy

Defining literacy	Functional illiteracy Critical literacy

Literacy internationally	International Reading Association List of countries by literacy rate Literacy in India International Literacy Day List of Chinese administrative divisions by illiteracy rate

Major contributors to literacy	Frank Laubach Ruth Johnson Colvin Paulo Freire Griffith Jones Marie Clay James Paul Gee

Related concepts	Agricultural literacy Aliteracy Asemic writing Computer literacy Cultural literacy Data literacy Dyslexia Diaspora literacy Early literacy Ecological literacy Electracy Emergent literacy Emotional literacy Financial literacy Health literacy Information literacy Information and media literacy Literacy test Media consumption Media literacy Mental health literacy Mental literacy New literacies Numeracy Oracy Orality Oral literature Postliterate society Racial literacy Scientific literacy Statistical literacy Technological literacy Transliteracy Visual literacy Writing system

Writing systems

Overview	History of writing History of the alphabet Graphemes Scripts in Unicode

Lists	Writing systems Languages by writing system / by first written account Undeciphered writing systems Inventors of writing systems

Types	Featural Alphabets Abjads Alphasyllabaries / Abugidas Syllabaries Semi-syllabaries Ideogrammic Pictographic Logographic Numeral

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Visual processing

See also

Further reading