Variant cover

In comic books, a variant cover (sometimes variant edition) refers to an issue of a comic book printed with multiple covers, each with unique cover art. The first comic book marketed with a variant cover was the 1986 first issue of The Man of Steel, which featured two different covers by writer/artist John Byrne. Variant covers became more common during the "Speculator Boom" of the 1990s, when more collectors became interested in the storage and preservation of their comic books with the goal of future financial gain than reading the comics themselves.

History

Variant covers for The Man of Steel #1 (1986). Art by John Byrne.

The first comic book marketed with a variant cover was the 1986 first issue of The Man of Steel, which featured two different covers by writer/artist John Byrne. One featured a full shot of Superman ripping open the shirt comprising part of his civilian clothing to reveal the Kryptonian "S" emblem on his chest, along with a shot of the spaceship that brought him to Earth escaping Krypton. The other cover featured a closeup of Superman's chest as he rips open his shirt.^[1]

The speculator boom of the 1990s

In reaction to the boom, comic book publishers began to market specifically to the collectors' market. Knowing that many collectors are completists, buying, for example, every issue featuring a certain character, publishers began to produce comics with multiple covers, and completists and speculators alike bought them by the millions. The variants often depended on whether the copy was sold through the direct market or at a newsstand.

X-Men #1, from 1991, is the best-selling comic book of all time, with sales of over 8.1 million copies and nearly $7 million, according to a public proclamation by Guinness World Records at the 2010 San Diego Comic-Con.^[2][3][4][5] The sales figures were generated in part by publishing the issue with five different variant covers, designated #1A, #1B, #1C, #1D, and #1E. The first four covers show different characters from the book that form a single image when laid side by side, and a fifth, gatefold cover of that combined image, large numbers of which were purchased by retailers, who anticipated fans and speculators who would buy multiple copies in order to acquire a complete collection of the covers.^[6]

Not every issue with variant covers sold well, but that did not dissuade the publishers. Variant covers graced the covers of titles from Marvel, DC, Valiant, and Image, as well as numerous small-press publishers. In 1993, DC Comics shipped the first printing of Superman #75, featuring the climax of "The Death of Superman" storyline, in a black polybag with a Superman armband inside. Collectors who wanted to keep their copy pristine but also read the story either bought multiple copies or subsequent printings (which had the same cover but not the polybag and fan incentives). Likewise, second printings of other issues with "gimmick covers" typically shipped without the gimmick.

Jim Lee, now one of the co-founders of Image Comics, published variant cover comic books through his Wildstorm Studios imprint. Gen¹³ #1 bore 13 different covers, each with a character in an homage to a comic book, advertisement, or movie poster. DV8 #1 bore eight different covers, one a group shot and the rest representing the seven deadly sins.

Chase covers

Due to shortages due to production errors, some variant covers came to be known as "chase covers", as many scrambled to find them, much as baseball card collectors sought chase cards. Publishers created chase covers by issuing variants in ratios designed to make one variant rare. They also began to produce retailer-incentive copies - identical to the retail version, but with covers usually printed or embossed in silver or gold - with one retailer-incentive shipping for every 25 or 50 copies of the regular issue that the retailer ordered. Some smaller publishers, such as Verotik created expensive adult-only variants depicting nudity. Additionally, comic book conventions gave attendees convention-exclusive variants as part of their convention packages.

Post-boom

DC Comics

In the years since the boom ended, with the remaining readers and publishers left in shellshock, publishers generally shied away from producing comics that appeared to be directed at collectors, variant covers among them. Recently, however, variant covers have made a comeback.

The 2004 limited series Identity Crisis from DC Comics was so popular that every issue went through multiple printings, each with a different cover. Some fans who had already bought the first printing bought the variants to complete their collection. Seeing this, other publishers tried to duplicate the success. For instance, for every set number of issues a retailer ordered of New Avengers #1-6, they received a retailer-incentive issue featuring art by a heavily promoted Marvel artist.

In addition to retailer incentives, publishers again publish simple variants, though usually in equal proportions. Since Identity Crisis, second printings usually have a different cover, often merely the alteration or removal of color.

Marvel Comics

In the post boom, Marvel Comics used variant covers on various occasions. When the Marvel Zombies universe first appeared in 2005's Ultimate Fantastic Four #21, the popularity spawned a limited series featuring several variant covers by Arthur Suydam. These variants reproduced classic Marvel Comics covers with a zombie motif.^[7]

To celebrate the inauguration of Barack Obama, Amazing Spider-Man #583 presented an all-new story teaming up President Obama and Spider-Man in Spidey Meets the President! The title featured five variant covers.^[8]

In honor of Wolverine's 35th anniversary in 2009, Marvel Comics announced that numerous Marvel titles would feature Wolverine Art Appreciation Variant covers in April.^[9] Styles were reminiscent of Pablo Picasso, Salvador Dalí, Andy Warhol.^[10] The first issues to feature a Wolverine Art Appreciation variant cover were Captain Britain and MI13 #12, Amazing Spider-man #590, Hulk #11, Uncanny X-Men #508, and Secret Warriors #3.^[11]

Outside of comics

The practice of issuing variant covers has spread to some magazines, notably TV Guide, which has its own collector's market. TV Guide has published variants for various TV series, including Smallville,^[12] Dawson's Creek and Friends.

Notes

^ A varying number, decreasing from 20 issues for #1 to 15 issues for #6, itself revised from an earlier, more complicated formula.^[13]

References

Comics
Glossary of comics terminology
Formats	Ashcan copy Comic book minicomic film comic Comic strip Comic strip formats Daily comic strip Yonkoma Sunday comics Sunday strip Topper Lianhuanhua Digital comics Graphic novel Manga Trade paperback Mobile comic Motion comic Text comics Webcomic Webtoon Widescreen comics
Creators	Artists cartoonists Female comics creators list By country American Australian Canadian Cuban Japanese (Manga)
History	Years in comics American (Ages: Golden Age Silver Age Bronze Age Modern Age Events) Japanese (Manga) Webcomics
Genres	Abstract Adult Alternative Autobiographical Celebrity comics Crime Fantasy (list) Horror Romance (list) Science fiction Superhero Teen humor Text comics Tijuana Bible Underground War Western
Tropes	Antihero Funny animal Superhero Supervillain Masking Rogue
By country	Africa South Africa Asia China and Taiwan (list) Hong Kong India (list) Japan (lists) Korea (list) Philippines Thailand Europe Czech Republic France and Belgium (list) Belgium Germany Hungary Italy (list) Netherlands Poland Portugal Serbia Spain (list) United Kingdom Wales North America Canada Quebec Mexico United States (list) Oceania Australia South America Argentina Brazil
Lists	By type Comic books Comic strips Webcomics By source Based on fiction Based on films Based on video games Based on television programs Other lists Comic books on CD/DVD Comics and comic strips made into feature films Comics solicited but never published Dystopian comics Furry comics Feminist comic books Limited series Wrestling-based comic books
Portal Category WikiProject