Atlas bear
| Atlas bear | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Probable Atlas bear in Roman mosaic | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Carnivora |
| Family: | Ursidae |
| Genus: | Ursus |
| Species: | U. arctos |
| Subspecies: | † U. a. crowtheri |
| Trinomial name | |
| Ursus arctos crowtheri Schinz, 1844 | |
The name Atlas bear (Ursus arctos crowtheri) has been applied to an extinct population or populations of the brown bear in Africa. The Cantabrian brown bear likely was introduced to Africa from Spain by the Romans who imported Iberian bears for spectacles.[1][2]
Range and description
The Atlas bear was Africa's only native bear that survived into modern times. Once inhabiting the Atlas Mountains and neighbouring areas, from Morocco to Libya, the animal is now thought to be extinct.[2] The Atlas bear was brownish black in colour, and lacked a white mark on the muzzle. The fur on the underparts was reddish orange. The fur was 4–5 inches (100–130 mm) long. The muzzle and claws were shorter than those of the American black bear, though it was stouter and thicker in body. The Atlas bear was said to have been 9 feet long and weighed 1,000 pounds (450 kg).[3] It apparently fed on roots, acorns and nuts.[4] The Atlas bear was said to have been mostly herbivorous, but since most bears today are omnivores, the atlas bear is believed to have been able to eat meat as well.[3]
Origin
Where the Atlas bear actually originated from is unknown, one genetic study was unable to link it to any brown bear, but it had weak but significant mtDNA links to the polar bear.[1] Polar bears appear in Paleolithic cave paintings in Andalucia Spain, which is a very short swim to the Atlas Mountains for a polar bear.[5]
Ecology
The Atlas bear's ecology is presumed to be similar to that of the other brown bears. Nothing however has been described about it.
Extinction
The decline of the Atlas bear can be partly attributed to the Roman Empire, in that, as the empire expanded into Northern Africa, the Romans intensely hunted and captured the Atlas bear and many other animals and used them as sport for many of their games. This went on for centuries, during which time thousands of bears had been used in the arenas to fight in games against gladiators, lions, tigers and other animals. They were cruelly treated, often starved and malnourished to increase their desperation and hence their aggression within the arena.[6] Thousands of these bears were also hunted for sport, venatio games, or execution of criminals via ad bestias.[7] During modern times, firearms prior to about 1850 were inadequate to bring down the brown bear.[8] The Atlas bear became extinct shortly after modern firearms were developed. Over-hunting may have contributed to their decline. And finally pressure from zoo collectors sealed the fate for the Atlas bear, with the animals being taken away from one another and unable to reproduce and flourish. The Atlas bear finally became extinct in the late 19th century; the last one recorded to be killed by hunters was in 1870 in the Tetouan Mountains in northern Morocco.[9] Human activity can definitely be said to have played a large role in pushing the extinction of the Atlas bear.[10]
References
- 1 2 Calvignac, S.; Hughes, S.; Tougard, C.; Michaux, J.; Thevenot, M.; Philippe, M.; Hamdine, W.; Hanni, C. (2008). "Ancient DNA evidence for the loss of a highly divergent brown bear clade during historical times.". Mol. Ecol. 17: 1962–1970. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294x.2008.03631.x.
- 1 2 Calvignac, Sebastien; Hughes, Sandrine; Hanni, Catherine (2009). "Genetic diversity of endangered brown bear (Ursus arctos) populations at the crossroads of Europe, Asia and Africa". Diversity and Distributions. 15: 742–750. doi:10.1111/j.1472-4642.2009.00586.x. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
- 1 2 "Atlas bear facts", Bob Strauss, 2014
- ↑ Bruin: The Grand Bear Hunt, Mayne Reid, Ticknor and Fields, 1865
- ↑ Pagano, A.M.; Durner, G.M.; Amstrup, S.C.; Simac, K.S.; York, G.S. (2012). "Long-distance swimming by polar bears (Ursus maritimus) of the southern Beaufort Sea during years of extensive open water.". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 90: 663–676. doi:10.1139/z2012-033.
- ↑ Ortega, Joseph J. "The Atlas Bear." PlanetEarthScience. Web. 24 Oct. 2014. <http://planetearthscienceart.blogspot.com/2010/07/africas-only-bear-brief-natural-history.html>.
- ↑ Strauss, Bob. "Atlas Bear." About Education. 1 Jan. 2014. Web. 22 Oct. 2014.
- ↑ Storer & Tevis (1955). The California Grizzly. UC Press.
- ↑ "Ursus arctos crowtheri". Prehistoric Wildlife. Retrieved 1-4-16. Check date values in:
|access-date=(help) - ↑ The Great Bear Almanac. Guilford, CT, 1993, pg. 281.
- Hamdinea, Watik; Thévenotb, Michel; Michaux, Jacques (1998). "Histoire récente de l'ours brun au Maghreb". Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences (in French). 321 (7): 565–570. doi:10.1016/S0764-4469(98)80458-7.
- Day, David (1981). The Doomsday Book of Animals: A Natural History of Vanished Species. Viking Press. pages 168-170 (includes illustration) ISBN 0-670-27987-0
- "Bears of the Last Frontier, Hour One: City of Bears: Brown Bear Fact Sheet". www.pbs.org. Web. 23 Oct. 2014.
- "The Animal Files". www.theanimalfiles.com. Web. 23 Oct. 2014.
- "Brown Bear- Ursus Arctos". The National Park Service. www.nps.gov. Web. 23 Oct. 2014.
External links
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Wikispecies has information related to: Ursus arctos crowtheri |
- Atlas bear at the Encyclopedia of Life
