Revenue Act of 1913
The United States Revenue Act of 1913 also known as the Tariff Act, Underwood Tariff, Underwood Act, Underwood Tariff Act, or Underwood-Simmons Act (ch. 16, 38 Stat. 114, October 3, 1913), re-imposed the federal income tax following the ratification of the Sixteenth Amendment and lowered basic tariff rates from 40% to 25%, well below the Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act of 1909. It was signed into law by President Woodrow Wilson on October 3, 1913, and was sponsored by Alabama Representative Oscar Underwood.
Tariffs
President Woodrow Wilson summoned a special session of Congress in April 1913. His immediate objective was to confront the perennial tariff question, and he brought special attention to the matter by deciding to appear in person before Congress to make his appeal. He was the first president since John Adams to do so.[1]
The joint session was a spectacular event. A huge crowd gathered and every seat in the House chamber was taken. Newspaper coverage was intense. Wilson spoke only briefly, but made it clear that tariff reform was needed, and that he would not be a party to a repeat of the embarrassment of the thwarted reform of 1894. The burden was clearly on Democratic shoulders because they controlled both houses of Congress for the first time in 18 years.
Oscar W. Underwood of Alabama guided a reform measure through the House, but his counterpart in the Senate, F.M. Simmons of North Carolina, reverted to form and allowed numerous increases in rates to be added. Wilson, unlike many of his predecessors, took the offensive. He went to the Capitol and twisted the arms of backsliding Democrats; he also warned the public of the invasion of Washington then underway by scores of lobbyists. The president was successful with generating a public reaction. Angry constituents wrote their congressmen and demanded tariff reform.
The Revenue Act of 1913 passed the House, 281 to 139, on May 8, 1913. Wilson used his patronage powers to guide it to Senate passage 44 to 37, on September 9, 1913. Politically it was considered a major triumph for President Woodrow Wilson.
The 1913 Act established the lowest rates since the Walker Tariff of 1857. Most schedules were put on an ad valorem basis (that is, X% of the dollar value of the item). The duty on woolens went from 56% to 18.5%. Steel rails, raw wool, iron ore, and agricultural implements had zero rates. The reciprocity program the Republicans had been pushing was eliminated. Congress rejected proposals for a tariff board to scientifically fix rates, but did set up a study commission.
The Underwood-Simmons measure vastly increased the free list, adding woolens, iron, steel, farm machinery and many raw materials and foodstuffs. The average rate was approximately 26 percent.
Income tax
The Act also provided for the reinstitution of a federal income tax[2] as a means to compensate for anticipated lost revenue because of the reduction of tariff duties. The most recent effort to tax incomes (Wilson-Gorman Tariff of 1894) had been declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court because the tax on dividends, interest, and rents had been deemed to be a direct tax not apportioned by population. That obstacle, however, was removed by ratification of the Sixteenth Amendment on February 3, 1913.[3] The Act provided in part that:
- "...subject only to such exemptions and deductions as are hereinafter allowed, the net income of a taxable person shall include gains, profits, and income derived from salaries, wages, or compensation for personal service of whatever kind and in whatever form paid, or from professions, vocations, businesses, trade, commerce, or sales, or dealings in property, whether real or personal, growing out of the ownership or use of or interest in real or personal property, also from interest, rent, dividends, securities, or the transaction of any lawful business carried on for gain or profit, or gains or profits and income derived from any source whatever...."[4]
The incomes of couples exceeding $4,000, as well as those of single persons earning $3,000 or more, were subject to a one percent federal tax.[5] Further, the measure provided a progressive tax structure, meaning that high income earners were required to pay at higher rates.
It would require only a few years for the federal income tax to become the chief source of income for the government, far outdistancing tariff revenues.
Less than 1% of the population paid federal income tax at the time.
The act was applicable to incomes for 1913, 1914, and 1915. [6]
Income tax table for individuals
A "normal income tax" and an "additional tax" were levied against the net income of individuals as shown in the following table.
| Revenue Act of 1913 Normal income tax and additional tax on individuals | |||
| Income | Normal rate | Additional rate | Combined rate |
| 0 | 1% | 0 | 1% |
| $20,000 | 1% | 1% | 2% |
| $50,000 | 1% | 2% | 3% |
| $75,000 | 1% | 3% | 4% |
| $100,000 | 1% | 4% | 5% |
| $250,000 | 1% | 5% | 6% |
| $500,000 | 1% | 6% | 7% |
- Exemption of $3,000 for single filers and $4,000 for married couples. Therefore, the 1% bottom marginal rate applied only to the first $17,000 ($374,400 in 2010 dollars) of income for single filers, or the first $16,000 ($352,300 in 2010 dollars) of income for married filers (also see adjustments for inflation between 1913 and 2010 in the BLS table, below).
- The ratio of top marginal rate to bottom marginal rate in 1913 was 7:1 (7%:1%). The last time a similar ratio was applicable was in 1980, when the ratio of top rate to bottom rate was 6.36:1 (70%:11%). In 1981, the top rate was lowered to 50%, and in 1986 to 28% (the bottom rate rising from 11% to 15%). The 1986 change dramatically altered the ratio from 6.36:1 to 1.87:1 (28%:15%). Today the ratio is 3.96:1 (39.6%:10%).
Adjusted for inflation - Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS)
Adjusted for inflation by the average Consumer Price Index:
| 1913 dollars | Inflation - BLS | 2010 dollars | Exempt - 1913 | Exempt - 2010 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| $3,000 | 2,200% | $66,100* | Single filers $3,000 | Singles $9,350 or 14.1%* |
| $4,000 | 2,200% | $88,100* | Married filers $4,000 | Marrieds $18,700 or 21.2%* |
| $20,000 | 2,200% | $440,400 | ||
| $50,000 | 2,200% | $1,101,000 | ||
| $75,000 | 2,200% | $1,651,600 | ||
| $100,000 | 2,200% | $2,202,100 | ||
| $250,000 | 2,200% | $5,505,300 | ||
| $500,000 | 2,200% | $11,010,700 |
- Note: All figures are rounded. In current dollars, the one 2010 personal exemption ($3,650) + standard deduction ($5,700) for single filers are together at $9,350, but a fraction, i.e., 14.1%, of the 1913 exemption of $66,100 in 2010 dollars (i.e., $9,350/$66,100). In current dollars, the two 2010 personal exemptions ($7,300) + standard deduction ($11,400) for married couples filing jointly are together at $18,700, but a fraction, i.e., 21.2%, of the 1913 exemption of $88,100 in 2010 dollars (i.e., $18,700/$88,100).
Impact
It is impossible to offer a meaningful judgment on the impact of the Underwood-Simmons Tariff because the entire international economic picture was soon upset by the outbreak of World War I. American products were in great demand throughout the world, making the question of protectionism moot. The next reordering of national tariff policy would not occur until after the war ended in the Fordney-McCumber Tariff of 1922. However, the top marginal rate of 7% was mentioned in Ronald Reagan's remarks on the South Lawn of the White House on October 22, 1986, when he said that the top rate was for multimillionaires.
Social welfare groups
The Revenue Act of 1913 also created a new group of tax-exempt organizations dedicated to social welfare in a provision that was a precursor to what is now Internal Revenue Code Section 501(c)(4).[8]
Notes
- ↑ Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress. The President’s State of the Union Message: Frequently Asked Questions. http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/resources/pdf/stateoftheunion.pdf
- ↑ Revenue Act of 1913, Section II, A. subdiv. 1, 38 Stat. 114, 166.
- ↑ Brushaber v. Union Pacific Railroad
- ↑ Revenue Act of 1913, Section II, B., 38 Stat. 114, 167.
- ↑ Revenue Act of 1913, Section II, C., 38 Stat. 114, 168.
- ↑ Surtax rates under the Revenue Acts 1913-1926
- ↑ Facsimile from Statutes at Large
- ↑ Gershman, Jacob (May 16, 2013). "The Surprisingly Muddled History of the 501(c)(4) Exemption". The Wall Street Journal.
References
- Allen, Howard W. (1961). "Geography and Politics: Voting on Reform Issues in the United States Senate, 1911–1916". Journal of Southern History. 27 (2): 216–228. JSTOR 2205279.
- Cole, Arthur H. (1921). "The Domestic and Foreign Wool Manufactures and the Tariff Problem". Quarterly Journal of Economics. 36 (1): 102–135. doi:10.2307/1883781.
- Crucini, Mario J. (1994). "Sources of Variation in Real Tariff Rates: The United States, 1900-1940". American Economic Review. 84 (3): 732–743. JSTOR 2118081.
- Hoffmann, I. Newton (1914). "Customs Administration under the 1913 Tariff Act". Journal of Political Economy. 22 (9): 845–871. doi:10.1086/252537. JSTOR 1817810.
- Link, Arthur. Woodrow Wilson: vol 2, The New Freedom.
