Tokyo Gurentai

Tokyo Gurentai
Stable
Members Fujita[1]
Kikuzawa[1]
Mazada[1]
Nosawa Rongai[1]
Name(s) La Legion Japonesa[2]
Tokyo Gurentai
Former
member(s)
Magnitude Tokyo[3]
Mikami[4]
Sugawara[4]
Takemura[1]
Debut July 2000[1]
Years active 2000–present
Promotions AJPW[1]
Apache Pro[5]
AULL[6]
AWS[1]
BJW[7]
CMLL[1]
DDT[1]
DG[8]
DR[9]
Dradition[10]
El Dorado[11]
GPWA[12]
Hustle[13]
IWRG[1]
K-Dojo[14]
Mobius[1]
MLW[1]
NJPW[1]
Noah[15]
Osaka Pro[16]
Oz[17]
PWC[1]
PWG[18]
Toryumon[1]
Uwai[19]
W-1[20]
Wave[21]
WNC[22]
XPW[1]
XWF[23]

Tokyo Gurentai (東京愚連隊 Tōkyō Gurentai) is a professional wrestling stable, currently made up of Fujita, Kikuzawa, Mazada, and Nosawa Rongai. The group was formed in 2000 by Kikuzawa, Mazada and Nosawa and has since appeared for Japan's three biggest promotions; All Japan Pro Wrestling, New Japan Pro Wrestling and Pro Wrestling Noah, as well as several larger independent promotions such DDT Pro-Wrestling, Diamond Ring, Kaientai Dojo, Osaka Pro Wrestling and Wrestling New Classic (WNC), while also regularly producing their own independent events. The stable has also made appearances for promotions in Mexico and the United States. Currently the stable is working most notably for Wrestle-1, along with Yuji Hino and Koji Doi as part of Real Desperado. "Gurentai", denoting "hoodlums", is one of the three principal member categories of the yakuza crime syndicate.[24]

History

In July 2000, while working for the American Xtreme Pro Wrestling (XPW) promotion in Los Angeles, California, Japanese wrestlers Kikuzawa and Nosawa began teaming together as "Tokyo Gurentai".[1] Later that same month, Nosawa used the same team name while teaming with compatriot Mazada on the Mexican independent circuit, culminating in the two defeating Los Rayos Tapatío (Rayo Tapatío I and Rayo Tapatío II) for the UWA World Tag Team Championship.[1] Upon their return to Japan, Kikuzawa, Mazada and Nosawa teamed together for local independent promotions until January 2001, when Kikuzawa left the group as he began concentrating on his work with Osaka Pro Wrestling as the masked comedy character Ebessan.[1][25] The following March, Mazada and Nosawa returned to Mexico to work for the International Wrestling Revolution Group (IWRG), where Fujita joined them as the third member of Tokyo Gurentai.[1] The three also teamed together for promotions in the United States the following month.[1] Mazada and Nosawa returned to IWRG during the summer of 2001, first losing their hairs to Mike Segura and Último Vampiro in a Hair vs. Hair match on May 31,[26] and then defeating Los Megas (Mega and Super Mega) on June 10 for the IWRG Intercontinental Tag Team Championship.[1][27] They held the title for a month, before being stripped when Nosawa no-showed a scheduled title defense.[1] As the relationship between Mazada and Nosawa went sour, the Tokyo Gurentai was effectively dissolved.[1]

Mazada and Nosawa finally made amends in April 2002 and the following month began working together for Mexican promotion Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL), forming a new version of the Tokyo Gurentai with Takemura.[1] The group also returned to IWRG and in June 2003 won the promotion's Intercontinental Trios Championship from Los Megas (Mega, Omega and Ultra Mega).[1][28] They, however, held the title for only a week before losing it back to Los Megas.[28] That same month, the Tokyo Gurentai produced their own independent event in Tulancingo, Hidalgo.[1] Takemura left the Tokyo Gurentai in October 2003, after signing with New Japan Pro Wrestling (NJPW), while Mazada and Nosawa began working regularly with All Japan Pro Wrestling (AJPW) in February 2004.[1] In May 2004, Mazada and Nosawa also made guest appearances for NJPW, feuding with former stablemate Takemura.[1] The following month, Takemura quit NJPW and jumped to AJPW, re-joining the Tokyo Gurentai.[1] Mazada and Nosawa, the latter now known as Nosawa Rongai (Nosawa論外) (which made him the first Tokyo Gurentai member to use Japanese script as part of his ring name), received their first title opportunity in AJPW in October 2004, when they unsuccessfully challenged Genichiro Tenryu and Masanobu Fuchi for the All Asia Tag Team Championship.[1] In February 2005, Mazada and Nosawa had another storyline falling out, after which Nozawa formed the new tag team RonKaz with Kaz Hayashi, throwing the future of the Tokyo Gurentai into question.[1] While the Tokyo Gurentai was inactive in Japan, the stable's three original members, Kikuzawa, Mazada and Nosawa, made a one-night reunion in April 2005, working for the Los Angeles-based Alternative Wrestling Show (AWS) promotion.[1]

Mazada and Nosawa tried a reunion also in Japan in June 2005 by entering a tournament for the vacant All Asia Tag Team Championship, however, after being eliminated in their first round match, the two began feuding with each other, leading to a Loser Leaves Town match in July, where Mazada defeated Nosawa, forcing him to leave AJPW.[1] Before the end of the year, Mazada and Nosawa made several more attempts to once again get along with each other, which eventually led to them re-forming the Tokyo Gurentai with Takemura in December.[1] The following month, Mazada and Nosawa returned to AJPW, where, two months later, they won the first annual Junior Tag League.[1][29] In June 2006, Mazada and Nosawa also returned to Mexico, working for Toryumon Mexico.[1] In January 2008, the Tokyo Gurentai was turned into an official corporation, which began producing its own events on a more regular basis, with Mazada, Nosawa and Takemura becoming its official representatives.[1] In March 2008, Mazada and Nosawa revived the UWA World Tag Team Championship, which had not been seen in eight years, losing it to the team of Kagetora and Kota Ibushi at an event held by El Dorado Wrestling.[1][11] In December, Mazada, Nosawa and Takemura won the Mobius promotion's Apex of Triangle Six-Man Tag Team Championship.[1] In January 2009, Takemura suffered a shoulder injury, which would eventually force him to retire from professional wrestling.[1] In February 2009, Fujita reunited with Mazada and Nosawa, effectively replacing Takemura as the third member of Tokyo Gurentai.[1] He would become officially affiliated with the group in January 2010.[1] From 2008 to 2010, Tokyo Gurentai was a sub-group of an AJPW stable named simply Gurentai, which also included Minoru Suzuki, Taiyō Kea and Yoshihiro Takayama.[30][31] During the first six months of 2010, Fujita, Mazada and Nosawa worked for DDT Pro-Wrestling and Osaka Pro Wrestling and between the two promotions won the UWA World Trios Championship on two occasions.[1][16][32][33] Shortly afterwards, Tokyo Gurentai was split up, when Fujita and Nosawa joined Pro Wrestling Noah, where they chased the GHC Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Championship, while Mazada remained a regular with AJPW.[15] During 2011, Tokyo Gurentai was hit hard, when first in February, Nosawa was arrested for stealing a taxi,[34] which led to him taking a break from professional wrestling,[35][36] and then in May, Mazada also went inactive, after being suspended by AJPW for his role in a backstage fight between Nobukazu Hirai and Yoshikazu Taru, which left Hirai in a coma.[37] Tokyo Gurentai reunited on September 28, 2011, when the stable produced its own event titled Tokyo Love II: Second Chance.[38] Following the main event, where Nosawa lost his Tokyo World Heavyweight Championship to Sanshiro Takagi, he was confronted by Mazada, who suggested the two reformed their old tag team.[38] The event concluded with Mazada, Nosawa, Fujita and Kikuzawa posing together and showing that the Tokyo Gurentai was back in full force.[39] Most of 2012, Mazada and Nosawa, however, spent away from each other, with Mazada continuing to work regularly for AJPW and Nosawa for Diamond Ring. Nosawa's career was also halted for three months by a drug smuggling arrest, though all charges against him were later dropped.[40][41][42][43] In September 2012, Nosawa returned to AJPW, where he and Mazada once again attempted to win the All Asia Tag Team Championship, but were defeated by Koji Kanemoto and Minoru Tanaka in the semifinals of a tournament for the vacant title.[44]

On January 16, 2013, Tokyo Gurentai produced Tokyo Love III, which saw Mazada and Nosawa defeat Cima and Gamma to become the inaugural Tokyo World Tag Team Champions.[45] Meanwhile, in the main event, Fujita defeated Takagi to become the third Tokyo World Heavyweight Champion.[45] During the summer of 2013, Tokyo Gurentai made appearances for Wrestling New Classic (WNC),[22] where most notably Mazada got involved in a feud with Mexican wrestler El Hijo del Pantera,[46] which led to a Mask vs. Hair match on October 31, where Pantera was victorious, forcing Mazada to have his head shaved.[47] Members of Tokyo Gurentai remained regulars for AJPW until mid-2013, when Keiji Mutoh left the promotion to form Wrestle-1.[48][49] From September onwards, Mazada and Nosawa wrestled regularly for Wrestle-1,[20][50] where they formed alliances with Hub and Yoshihiro Takayama and feuded with the promotion's rookies as well as Hiroshi Yamato.[51][52] In October, Tokyo Gurentai entered a storyline, where Yamato, despite being turned down by Nosawa, attempted to force himself into Tokyo Gurentai.[53] Mazada and Nosawa were forced into teaming with Yamato, but refused to accept him as an official member of their stable.[54][55][56] On December 4, Tokyo Gurentai produced Tokyo Dream 2013 in Korakuen Hall. In the main event, Mazada and Nosawa lost the Tokyo World Tag Team Championship to Mexican veteran wrestlers Dos Caras and Mil Máscaras.[57][58] After Caras and Máscaras left Japan with the Tokyo World Tag Team Championship, the Tokyo Gurentai created a new title, the Tokyo Intercontinental Tag Team Championship, to take the old title's place.[59] Mazada and Hub became the first champions, after defeating Hikaru Sato and Masaaki Mochizuki at Tokyo Love IV: Classic Events on April 7, 2014.[60] They lost the title to Sato and Mochizuki on July 7 at Tokyo Starrcade in a three-way elimination match, which also included Nosawa and Dr. Wagner Jr.[61] On December 11, Tokyo Gurentai presented Tokyo Dream 2014, during which Mazada defeated Fujita to become the fourth Tokyo World Heavyweight Champion, ending Fujita's near two-year reign at his sixth title defense.[62]

In November 2014, Mazada and Nosawa represented Tokyo Gurentai in Wrestle-1's First Tag League Greatest, a tournament which was used to determine the inaugural Wrestle-1 Tag Team Champions. Losing all four of their matches in the tournament, they finished last in their round-robin block.[63] They finally earned their first shot at the title by defeating Ikemen Samurai (Jiro Kuroshio and Masakatsu Funaki) and new Wild order (Akira and Manabu Soya) in a three-way match on May 5, 2015.[64][65] The title match took place on May 23 and saw Tokyo Gurentai being defeated by the defending champions, Team 246 (Kaz Hayashi and Shuji Kondo).[66][67] On July 15, Tokyo Gurentai held Tokyo Love 5, which featured Mazada successfully defending the Tokyo World Heavyweight Championship against Nosawa in the main event.[68][69] On December 1 at Tokyo Dream 2015, Mazada lost the title to Masaaki Mochizuki.[70]

Championships promoted

Championship Current champion(s) Date won Won from
Tokyo World Heavyweight Championship Masaaki Mochizuki December 11, 2014 Mazada
Tokyo Intercontinental Tag Team Championship Dick Togo and Shiryu November 29, 2016 Hikaru Sato and Ryo Kawamura
Tokyo World Tag Team Championship Dos Caras and Mil Máscaras December 4, 2013 Mazada and Nosawa Rongai

Championships and accomplishments

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 "東京愚連隊 History". Tokyo Gurentai (in Japanese). Archived from the original on March 25, 2010. Retrieved December 10, 2013.
  2. Alvarez, Bryan (May 15, 2006). "Monday news: Raw tonight, ECW, Harry Smith, Muto in Mexico, X-Cup, Frye, more". Wrestling Observer Newsletter. Archived from the original on December 17, 2013. Retrieved December 10, 2013.
  3. "ブードゥーのMazadaとケジメマッチを行ったNosawaが大流血!サムライは4者から一斉に墨汁ミストを浴びる悲劇...". Battle News (in Japanese). August 10, 2010. Retrieved December 15, 2013.
  4. 1 2 "Independent Wrestling Results: 2009~". Purolove (in German). Retrieved December 15, 2013.
  5. 1 2 2008年4月17日(木). Apache Pro-Wrestling Army (in Japanese). Archived from the original on March 23, 2012. Retrieved December 10, 2013.
  6. "AULL". Cagematch. Retrieved December 10, 2013.
  7. 大日本プロレス後楽園ホール大会. Sports Navi (in Japanese). Yahoo!. March 24, 2008. Archived from the original on March 27, 2008. Retrieved December 10, 2013.
  8. オープン・ザ・ツインゲート. Dragon Gate (in Japanese). Retrieved December 10, 2013.
  9. 5月大会対戦カード決定のお知らせ. Diamond Ring (in Japanese). May 1, 2013. Retrieved December 10, 2013.
  10. "3月14日(金)新木場1st Ring 19:00開始". Dradition (in Japanese). Retrieved December 10, 2013.
  11. 1 2 "Universal Wrestling Association World Tag Team Title". Puroresu Dojo. Retrieved December 10, 2013.
  12. "GPWA Differ Cup 2007 - Tag 2". Cagematch. Retrieved December 10, 2013.
  13. 2008年4月13日 ハッスル30. Hustle (in Japanese). Retrieved December 10, 2013.
  14. "2013年5月3日(金・祝)GWSP6(千葉・Blue Field)". Kaientai Dojo (in Japanese). Archived from the original on December 12, 2013. Retrieved December 10, 2013.
  15. 1 2 "~プロレスリング・ノア創立10周年記念~Summer Navig.'10 part.1「ラッシャー木村 追悼興行」". Pro Wrestling Noah (in Japanese). Retrieved December 10, 2013.
  16. 1 2 6月12日試合結果. Osaka Pro Wrestling (in Japanese). June 12, 2010. Retrieved December 10, 2013.
  17. "2006/09/10(日)  第20回Oz興行  Shinjuku Face 12:00〜". Oz Academy (in Japanese). Archived from the original on November 28, 2010. Retrieved December 10, 2013.
  18. Stradlin, Saul (April 5, 2008). "PWG results from last night". Wrestling Observer Newsletter. Archived from the original on December 17, 2013. Retrieved December 10, 2013.
  19. Wilson, Kevin (May 27, 2007). "Uwai Station Debut". Puroresu Central. Archived from the original on December 13, 2013. Retrieved December 10, 2013.
  20. 1 2 "W-1旗揚げツアー". Wrestle-1 (in Japanese). September 8, 2013. Retrieved December 10, 2013.
  21. "『Climax Wave Oct.』". Pro Wrestling Wave (in Japanese). Archived from the original on July 26, 2009. Retrieved December 10, 2013.
  22. 1 2 "2013-06-27 WNC新宿Face大会 試合結果". Wrestling New Classic (in Japanese). June 27, 2013. Archived from the original on June 27, 2013. Retrieved December 10, 2013.
  23. 大仁田が長州と仲間割れ/XWF. Nikkan Sports (in Japanese). August 7, 2008. Retrieved December 10, 2013.
  24. Iaccino, Ludovica (April 2, 2014). "Japan: Yakuza Mafia Henchmen Create Own Website and Urge Visitors to Stay Off Drugs". International Business Times. Retrieved November 27, 2015.
  25. "Kikutaro". Online World of Wrestling. Retrieved December 10, 2013.
  26. Martinez, Ryan (May 31, 2011). "5/31 This Day in History". Pro Wrestling Insider. Retrieved December 10, 2013.
  27. "International Wrestling Revolution Group Intercontinental Tag Team Title". Puroresu Dojo. Retrieved December 10, 2013.
  28. 1 2 "International Wrestling Revolution Group Intercontinental Trios Title". Puroresu Dojo. Retrieved December 10, 2013.
  29. "Junior Heavyweight Tag Team League 2006". Pro Wrestling History. Retrieved December 10, 2013.
  30. Takagi, Hiromi (September 14, 2008). みのるが武藤に勝利! 全戦メーン乗っ取りへ=全日本プロレス 雷陣に緊急アクシデント……硬膜下血腫の疑い. Sports Navi (in Japanese). Yahoo!. Archived from the original on December 13, 2013. Retrieved December 10, 2013.
  31. "西口DXプロレス「Megaton8~道玄坂純情少年ラリアット~」". Sports Navi (in Japanese). Yahoo!. January 25, 2010. Archived from the original on January 28, 2010. Retrieved December 15, 2013.
  32. "Dramatic 2010 January Special". DDT Pro-Wrestling (in Japanese). Archived from the original on July 6, 2011. Retrieved December 10, 2013.
  33. "What are you doing? 2010". DDT Pro-Wrestling (in Japanese). Archived from the original on July 6, 2011. Retrieved December 10, 2013.
  34. Caldwell, James (February 20, 2011). "Japan News: MVP's Japanese wrestling debut hits speed bump - tag partner arrested, replacement match announced". Pro Wrestling Torch. Retrieved December 10, 2013.
  35. 論外タクシー盗む前に酒10杯 謝罪会見 記事を印刷する. Nikkan Sports (in Japanese). February 22, 2011. Retrieved December 10, 2013.
  36. "Nosawa論外 平身低頭で謝罪". Tokyo Sports (in Japanese). February 24, 2011. Retrieved December 10, 2013.
  37. ヘイト暴行事件で王座はく奪など処分発表. Nikkan Sports (in Japanese). June 3, 2011. Retrieved December 10, 2013.
  38. 1 2 3 "三四郎との"最後の一騎打ち"に敗れたNosawaだが、Mazadaと和解して東京愚連隊の完全復活を宣言!Cimaはバラモン兄弟と危険な再会!". Battle News (in Japanese). September 28, 2011. Retrieved December 10, 2013.
  39. Takagi, Hiromi (September 29, 2011). "東京愚連隊が恩讐を超え再合体=自主興行「東京Love2」 みのると高山はド迫力タッグバトル". Sports Navi (in Japanese). Yahoo!. Retrieved December 10, 2013.
  40. "Nosawa論外と紫雷イオ、大麻取締法違反で逮捕". Sports Navi (in Japanese). Yahoo!. May 25, 2012. Archived from the original on May 28, 2012. Retrieved December 10, 2013.
  41. Meltzer, Dave (May 24, 2012). "Thurs. update: New Rock movie, 2 wrestlers arrested allegedly smuggling pot into Japan, Joint promotional press conference, favorite intl group, Austin back on TV". Wrestling Observer Newsletter. Archived from the original on May 28, 2012. Retrieved December 10, 2013.
  42. "Nosawaと紫雷が大麻密輸で逮捕". Nikkan Sports (in Japanese). May 24, 2012. Retrieved December 10, 2013.
  43. "紫雷イオの大麻事件でSugi謝罪". Daily Sports Online (in Japanese). Kobe Shimbun. July 11, 2012. Retrieved December 10, 2013.
  44. "40th Anniversary Year 2012 Flashing Tour". All Japan Pro Wrestling (in Japanese). Archived from the original on September 27, 2013. Retrieved December 10, 2013.
  45. 1 2 3 4 "Fujitaが高木に、論外&Mazadが大阪06に勝利し、ベルトが愚連隊に勢揃い!世界一性格の悪い神の子が降臨!". Battle News (in Japanese). January 16, 2012. Retrieved December 10, 2013.
  46. "2013-09-18 WNC新宿Face大会 試合結果". Wrestling New Classic (in Japanese). September 18, 2013. Archived from the original on September 18, 2013. Retrieved December 10, 2013.
  47. "2013-10-31 WNC後楽園ホール大会 試合結果". Wrestling New Classic (in Japanese). October 31, 2013. Archived from the original on October 31, 2013. Retrieved December 10, 2013.
  48. "Nosawa論外". All Japan Pro Wrestling (in Japanese). Archived from the original on December 4, 2013. Retrieved December 10, 2013.
  49. "Mazada". All Japan Pro Wrestling (in Japanese). Archived from the original on September 22, 2013. Retrieved December 10, 2013.
  50. W-1最初の試合で稲葉が日本デビュー. Tokyo Sports (in Japanese). September 9, 2013. Retrieved December 10, 2013.
  51. "Wrestle-1 ~ First Trip". Wrestle-1 (in Japanese). October 8, 2013. Retrieved December 10, 2013.
  52. "Wrestle-1 Tour 2013". Wrestle-1 (in Japanese). November 28, 2013. Retrieved December 10, 2013.
  53. 大和ヒロシ選手よりコメントのお知らせ. Wrestle-1 (in Japanese). November 12, 2013. Retrieved December 10, 2013.
  54. "Wrestle-1 Tour 2013". Wrestle-1 (in Japanese). November 16, 2013. Retrieved December 10, 2013.
  55. "TNA王者AJに肉薄した真田だが惜敗!助っ人として現れた小島と"そっくりタッグ"を組んだ中之上が、Desperadoに一矢報いる!". Battle News (in Japanese). November 16, 2013. Retrieved December 10, 2013.
  56. "Wrestle-1「Wrestle-1 Tour 2013」開幕戦". Sports Navi (in Japanese). Yahoo!. November 16, 2013. Retrieved December 10, 2013.
  57. マスカラス兄弟で日本最後の編隊飛行と思われたが、まさかのタッグ王座奪取!ドス・カラスは現役続行に意欲!?. Battle News (in Japanese). December 4, 2013. Retrieved December 10, 2013.
  58. "東京愚連隊自主興行「Tokyo Dream」". Sports Navi (in Japanese). Yahoo!. December 4, 2013. Retrieved December 10, 2013.
  59. "4.7東京愚連隊興行でMazada&Hubvs望月&光留による東京ICタッグ初代王座決定戦". Battle News (in Japanese). February 20, 2014. Retrieved February 20, 2014.
  60. 1 2 "【東京愚連隊自主興行】東京ICタッグ初代王者決定戦、藤波参戦". Battle News (in Japanese). April 7, 2014. Retrieved April 7, 2014.
  61. "【東京愚連隊】Fujitavsサスケの東京世界ヘビー戦、ワグナーJrと清水愛が参戦". Battle News (in Japanese). July 7, 2014. Retrieved July 7, 2014.
  62. 東京愚連隊興行12.11後楽園大会 マスカラス&テリーと船木が合体し、論外&藤原&カズと対戦. Battle News (in Japanese). December 11, 2014. Retrieved December 11, 2014.
  63. Wrestle-1タッグチャンピオンシップ初代王者は“チーム246”カズ・ハヤシ&近藤修司組!~「First Tag League Greatest ~初代タッグ王者決定リーグ戦~」全日程終了. Wrestle-1 (in Japanese). November 30, 2015. Retrieved May 23, 2015.
  64. "Wrestle-1 Tour 2015 Triumph". Wrestle-1 (in Japanese). May 5, 2015. Retrieved May 23, 2015.
  65. W-1 5.5後楽園大会 鈴木秀樹vs.浜のW-1チャンピオンシップ、クルーザーディビジョン初代王者決定トーナメント準決勝〜決勝. Battle News (in Japanese). May 5, 2015. Retrieved May 23, 2015.
  66. "Wrestle-1 Tour 2015 Royal Battle Weekend". Wrestle-1 (in Japanese). May 23, 2015. Retrieved May 23, 2015.
  67. W-1タッグCSはカズ・近藤組が7度目の防衛. Nikkan Sports (in Japanese). May 24, 2015. Retrieved June 1, 2015.
  68. 東京愚連隊興行7.15新宿大会 Mazadavs.論外の東京世界ヘビー級戦、望月&光留vs.百田親子の東京ICタッグ戦. Battle News (in Japanese). July 15, 2015. Retrieved July 15, 2015.
  69. Nosawa論外が大仁田に挑戦状. Tokyo Sports (in Japanese). July 16, 2015. Retrieved July 16, 2015.
  70. 東京愚連隊12.1後楽園大会 Nosawa20周年記念/マスカラス&ドリー&カブキ&船木vs.論外&藤原&Cima&カズ、Mazadavs.望月の東京世界ヘビー級戦. Battle News (in Japanese). December 1, 2015. Retrieved December 1, 2015.
  71. "Universal Wrestling Association World Trios Title". Puroresu Dojo. Retrieved December 10, 2013.
This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the 12/4/2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.