The Provisional IRA's Balcombe Street Gang

The Balcombe Street gang
Participant in the Troubles Aftermath of the Guildford pub bombings 5 October 1974
Active	October 1974–December 1975
Ideology	Irish Republicanism
Headquarters	safe houses in London
Area of operations	Mainly London
Strength	No more than 4 at any one time
Part of	the Troubles

Balcombe Street Gang 2
Participant in the Troubles Aftermath of Waltons Restaurant bombing in London's West End.
Active	1974–1975
Ideology	Irish Republicanism
Leaders	IRA Army Council ASU's Commander Joe O'Connell
Headquarters	Safe houses in London
Area of operations	Mainly London
Strength	At least 6 known members, no more than 4 at anyone time
Part of	Provisional Irish Republican Army
Opponents	British Army, London Police, British Establishment targets. Attacks include... Guildford bombings Brook's bombing Kings Arms, Woolwich Caterham bombing London Hilton bombing Green Park bomb Scott's bombing Walton's bombing Balcombe St siege

This article is about an IRA unit who carried out a bombing campaign in England in particular London & London's "West End". Between October 1974 - December 1975 they carried out around 40 bomb & gun attacks, sometimes they would attack the same target twice. They were caught at the Balcombe St siege thus ending their campaign.^[1][2]

Active Members

The six members of the Balcombe Street Gang's Active Service Unit were - Hugh Doherty, Joseph O'Connell, Eddie Buttler & Harry Duggan - these four Volunteers were captured at the Balcombe St siege. Liam Quinn (a United States born Volunteer) and Brendan O'Dowd were also active Volunteers within the unit.

O'Connell and fellow ASU member Brendan Dowd flew from Shannon Airport, County Clare to Heathrow in early August 1974, under the guise of looking for work in London. They rented a flat in Fulham (west London) for both living quarters and the storage of nitroglycerine and other equipment.

O'Connell, as the bomb-maker of the group, was responsible for making the first devices the ASU let off in their campaign, in the Guildford pub bombings on 5 October 1974. This was the beginning of a wide-ranging and peripatetic number of attacks O'Connell was involved in, ranging from the kidnapping of a bus inspector and the bombing of the Kings Arms, Woolwich, to throwing hand bombs into Sir Edward Heath's club and the Harrow School and the assassination of an insurance broker.^[3]

Background

The Balcombe Street Unit was the most successful & ruthless IRA unit ever to carry out a bombing campaign in England in particular London & even more particular London's "West End" where they " hit many pubs, clubs & restaurants. They attacked several of their targets twice.

In 1973, the IRA extended its bombing campaign to mainland Britain, attacking military and symbolically important targets to both increase pressure on the British government, via popular British opinion, to concede to their demand to withdraw from Northern Ireland & to maintain morale for IRA supporters & Volunteers as well. The bombing campaign by the IRA in England began on the 8th of March 1973 when an 11-person Active Service Unit that included now well known people like The Price Sisters & Gerry Kelly bombed the Old Bailey courthouse causing devastation to central London, despite warnings 1 person died of a heart-attack & about 200 were injured some seriously. The IRA always believed that 1 bomb in England was worth about 30 in Belfast and the huge media response & discussion it had created by the Old Bailey bombing was massive & seemed to prove the IRA's theory. The 11 man & woman IRA ASU was caught tho that day trying to leave England by plane to Ireland. Although the IRA achieved its objective it was naive to try and leave the same as the bombing as British security forces would be all over escape routes from England back to Ireland. The IRA GHQ realized this mistake & decided instead of sending over a large 10 person active service unit for just one day of large spectacular bombing they would use smaller sleeper-cells of between 3-4 Volunteers to carry out several bombings over a number of months. IRA attacks in England for the rest of 1973 started to become more professional & sophisticated, the next IRA attack on London happened on the 18th of August 1973 when two IRA firebombs exploded at Harrods Department store in London causing some damage but no injuries or deaths. This was the start of a prolonged bombing campaign in England as just four days later an IRA book bomb exploded at the Conservative Party Central Office in London injuring several people but not seriously. injuring anyone.

By 1974, mainland Britain saw an average of one attack—successful or otherwise—every three days. These attacks included five explosions which had occurred in Birmingham on 14 July which were possibly the first main attacks on the English Mid-Lands. It is believed veteran hardline Republican Brian Keenan was in charge of the IRA bombing campaign in England from 1974 - 1976. After the Balcombe Street unit was arrested in 1975 Keenan visited the unit in Crouch Hill, London, to give it further instructions. In follow-up raids after the siege, police discovered crossword puzzles in his handwriting and his fingerprints on a list of bomb parts. A warrant was issued for his arrest. He was arrested by the RUC at Banbridge in March 1979 on charges relating to the London campaign in the mid 70's.^[4][5]

Attacks - 1974

1974

October

5 October - Guildford pub bombings The IRA unit planted 2 bombs in Guildford pubs. The Bomb in the Horse & Groom pub killed 5 people & injured 65. This was the start of "phaze one" of the campaign.^[6][7]

11 October - The IRA attacked two different London clubs in the same night, each time using a throw bomb. 1 person was injured from both attacks.^[8]

22 October - Brook's bombing The IRA threw a bomb into Brook's club injuring 3 people.^[9][10]

24 October - The IRA bombed a cottage in the grounds of Harrow public school which use to house the head of the school's Combined Cadet Force. Nobody was hurt in the attack. This was the first time the unit gave a telephoned warning before a bombing occurred.^[11]

November

7 November - Woolwich pub bombing The IRA threw a bomb into the Kings Arms pub in Woolwich killing 2 people & injuring 30.^[12][13]

11 November - London insurance broker Allan Quartermaine is shot dead by the IRA while he was waiting in traffic. It is believed the killing was a case of mistaken identity.^[14]

27 November - The IRA carried out two bomb attacks in Tite Street, Chelsea, the first bomb was placed in a post office pillar-box at 8.30pm. About 20 minutes later a second, larger bomb, exploded close to the second. The second bomb injured 20people including an explosives officer, six policmen and two ambulancemen.^[15]

30 November - The IRA threw two bombs into Talbots Arms pub in Little Chester street injuring 5 people.^[16]

December

11 December - The IRA threw a bomb into the Long Bar of the Naval and Military Club in Piccadilly. Later on there was an IRA gun attack on the London Cavalry Club. Nobody was hurt in either attack.^[17]

14 December - The IRA carried out a gun attack on the Churchill Hotel in London. 3 people were injured in the attack.^[18]

17 December - The IRA planted three time bombs at telephone exchanges in London. 1 person (a post office telephonist) was killed.^[19]

19 December - The Balcombe Street Gang used a car bomb for the first time when they exploded one outside Selfridge's department store on Oxford Street. The bomb caused £1.5 million worth of damage. There was 100 lbs of high explosives in the car, the biggest bomb the IRA had used in England at that time.^[20]

20 December - A bomb left by the IRA at a railway station in Aldershot was defused.^[21]

21 December - The IRA firebombed Harrods department store. A second bomb at the King's Arms public house in Warminster, Wiltshire was defused.^[22]

22 December - The IRA unit threw a bomb into former British Prime Minister Edward Heat's flat. Heath was not home at the time of the attack and there were no injuries.^[23]

Attacks - 1975

1975

January

19 January - The IRA attacked two hotels in London. They fired shots into the Carlton Tower Hotel and later the Portman Hotel. 12 people were injured in total from both attacks.^[24]

23 January - The Balcombe Street gang exploded a time bomb at the Woodford Waterworks pumping station in North London. 3 People were injured in the blast.^[25]

27 January - The Balcombe Street Gang planted seven time bombs all over London. At 6.30pm a bomb exploded at Gieves,in Old Bond Street. At 9.30pm bombs exploded at the Moreson chemical plant in Ponders End and a disused gas works in Enfield. Only minimal damage was caused by these two bombs. Two further bombs exploded in Kensington High Street and Victoria street. A warning was given of a bomb in Putney High Street and a British Army bomb-disposal officer was able to defuse the device. A warning was also given for a bomb in Hampstead and it was defused. 2 people were injured from the Kensington High Street bomb. This was the end of "phaze one" of the campaign.^[26]

February

26 February - Balcombe Street Gang member & IRA Volunteer Liam Quinn shot dead a police officer while being chased. During a subsequent search operation a bomb-making facility of the Balcombe Street gang's was uncovered in Hammersmith.^[27][28]

August

27 August - Caterham Arms pub bombing The IRA planted a time bomb in a pub in Caterham, Surrey. The explosion injured 33 people including 10 British soldiers. This began "phaze two" of the Balcombe Street Gangs campaign.^[29]

28 August - The IRA exploded a bomb outside the south-east corner of Selfridges store on Oxford street.^[30]

29 August - A British Army bomb-disposal officer died when a bomb that was planted by the IRA at Kensington Church Street exploded.^[31]

30 August - The IRA planted a time bomb in High Holborn, London. Nobody was injured in the explosion.^[32]

September

5 September - London Hilton bombing The Balcombe Street gang detonated a time bomb in the Hilton Hotel in London. A 20-minute warning had been given but this was not passed on to the Hotel. 2 people were killed and 63 others were injured.^[33][34][35]

28 September - The IRA exploded a bomb in Caterham, Surrey. No injuries.^[36]

29 September - The IRA exploded a time in Oxford Street injuring 7 people.^[37]

October

9 October - Green Park Tube Station Bombing The IRA exploded a bomb at a bus stop just outside Green Park tube station. 1 person was killed and 20 were injured.^[38][39]

23 October - The IRA planted a booby-trap bomb under the under the car of Conservative MP Hugh Fraser. A passer-by noticed the bomb under the car & by mistake detonated the device killing him straight away.^[40]

November

12 November - One person was killed and 15 others injured when they threw a bomb into a Mayfair restaurant Mount Street. See: Scott's (restaurant) bombing^[41]

18 November - The Walton's bombing The IRA bombed a restaurant in London's West End killing 2 people & injuring over 20 others.^[42][43][44]

27 November - The IRA unit shot dead Guinness Book of Records founder Ross McWhirter at his London home.^{[45][46][47][48]}

December

6 December - The IRA unit fired shots into Scott's restaurant, the same restaurant they blew up a month earlier. British police were obeserving the IRA unit and gave chase once they left the restaurant. The police cornered the unit inside a London flat were the IRA unit took a married couple hostage which began the six day siege of Balcombe Street.^[49][50]

Type of Attacks

Most of the attacks carried out by the unit where various arrays of bombings, they were also involved in several shooting incidents.

The gang used several different methods to deliver & explode their bombs. The units most favorite method was using throw bombs. The unit made and used a series of these grenade like devices. These were small devices with around 2–5 lb of gelignite in them with a short fuse attached that was then lit and then thrown at its target by one Volunteer while another Volunteer would keep look out for anybody passing by. This method was used in the Woolwich pub bombing of November 1974 & the Waltons bombing of November 1975. Another common method was making either a time bomb or a incendiary device with a timer on it which would then be planted inside a pub, club, hotel etc... this method was used in the Guildford pub bombings of October 1974 & the Hilton bombing of September 1975. They also detonated a car bomb at Selfridge's department store on Oxford Street in December 1974. On one occasion they placed a booby-trap bomb under a car in an assassination attempt on a Conservative MP but the bomb killed a different person. They also placed letter bombs into post boxes, during these attacks they also placed a hidden second bomb with a timer near by to try and kill or injure security services reacting to the initial bombing.

On several occasions they fired shots from rifles and machine guns into hotels and restaurants like the attacks on the Carlton Tower Hotel and the Portman Hotel in January 1975. The gang also shot dead several people, the most famous of whom was Guinness Book of Records founder Ross McWhirter in November 1975.

Nineteen people were killed from the ASU's campaign, 16 from bombings and 3 from gun attacks. Six of the dead were British military personnel, 1 was a London police officer and 12 were civilians.

See also

• Provisional IRA East Tyrone Brigade
• IRA Army Council
• Internal Security Unit
• Active Service Unit
• Provisional IRA Belfast Brigade
• Provisional IRA South Armagh Brigade

References