The Ballad of Cassandra Southwick (poem)

The Ballad of Cassandra Southwick is a poem written by American Quaker poet John Greenleaf Whittier in 1843. It details the religious persecution of Cassandra Southwick's youngest daughter Provided Southwick, a Quaker woman who lived in Salem, Massachusetts and is the only white female known to be put up at auction as a slave in the United States.[1]

History

The Ballad of Cassandra Southwick [2]


To the God of all sure mercies let my blessing rise today,
From the scoffer and the cruel He hath plucked the spoil away;
Yes, he who cooled the furnace around the faithful three,
And tamed the Chaldean lions, hath set His handmaid free!

Last night I saw the sunset melt though my prison bars,
Last night across my damp earth-floor fell the pale gleam of stars;
In the coldness and the darkness all through the long night-time,
My grated casement whitened with autumn's early rime.

—John Greenleaf Whittier

The ballad's foundation is based on a remarkable event in the history of Puritan intolerance in early colonial America. In 1659, the youngest son and daughter of Lawrence and Cassandra Southwick, who themselves were imprisoned, deprived of all property and ultimately banished from Massachusetts Bay Colony, were fined £10 each for non-attendance at church, which they were unable to pay due to the severity of the family's legal and financial hardships. The case of Daniel and Provided Southwick was presented to the General Court at Boston, which issued an order signed by Edward Rawson empowering the treasurer of Essex County "to sell the said persons to any of the English nation at Virginia or Barbadoes [sic] to answer said fines." An attempt was made to sell Daniel and Provided at auction, but none of the shipmasters present were willing to take them to the West Indies.[3]

Characterizations

Whittier characterized Massachusetts Governor John Endecott as "dark and haughty" and exhibiting "bitter hate and scorn" for the Quakers. Secretary Rawson is characterized as Endecott's willing minion.

References

  1. Delorey, Janet Ireland (1997). A study of Lawrence and Cassandra Southwick. Shrewsbury, Massachusetts, United States: Janet Delorey. pp. 39–43. LCCN 97209825. Retrieved October 26, 2015.
  2. Griswold, Rufus Wilmot (1856). The Poets and Poetry Of America (17th ed., carefully rev., much enl., and continued to the present time. ed.). Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States: Parry and McMillan. pp. 390–392. LCCN 47040063. Retrieved October 27, 2015.
  3. "The Ballad of Cassandra Southwick". The United States Magazine and Democratic Review. Langtree and O'Sullivan. 12: 237–240. 1843.
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