Tax law

The Internal Revenue Code is the primary statutory basis of federal tax law in the United States. The Code of Federal Regulations is the Treasury Department's regulatory interpretation of the federal tax laws passed by Congress, which carry the weight of law if the interpretation is reasonable. Tax treaties and case law in U.S. Tax Court and other federal courts constitute the remainder of tax law in the United States.

Taxation
An aspect of fiscal policy
Policies Government revenue Tax revenue Non-tax revenue Tax law Tax bracket Tax threshold Exemption Credit Deduction Tax shift Tax cut Tax holiday Tax advantage Tax incentive Tax reform Tax harmonization Tax competition Double taxation Representation Unions Medical savings account Tax, tariff and trade
Economics Price effect Excess burden Tax incidence Laffer curve Optimal tax Theory Optimal capital income taxation
Collection Revenue service Revenue stamp Tax assessment Taxable income Tax lien Tax refund Tax shield Tax residence Tax preparation Tax investigation Tax shelter Private tax collection Tax farming
Noncompliance Tax avoidance Tax evasion Tax resistance Tax haven Smuggling Black market Transfer mispricing Unreported employment Tax shelter
Distribution Tax rate Progressive Regressive Proportional
Types Direct Indirect Per unit Ad valorem In rem Capital gains Carbon Consumption Dividend Ecotax Excise Fuel Georgist Gift Gross receipts Income Inheritance (estate) Land value Payroll Pigovian Property Sales Sin Single Stamp Steering Turnover Value-added (VAT) Corporate profit Excess profits Windfall profits Negative (income) Flat Wealth
International Financial transaction tax Currency transaction tax Tobin tax Spahn tax Tax equalization Tax treaty Permanent establishment Transfer pricing European Union FTT
Trade Custom Duty Tariff Import Export Tariff war Free trade Free trade zone Trade agreement
Religious Church tax Eight per thousand Teind Tithe Fiscus Judaicus Leibzoll Temple tax Tolerance tax Jizya Kharaj Khums Nisab Zakat
By country List of countries by tax rates Tax revenues as %GDP Albania Algeria Argentina Australia Azerbaijan Bangladesh Bhutan Bulgaria Canada China Colombia France Germany Greece Iceland India Indonesia Iran Ireland Israel Italy Japan Kazakhstan Lithuania Malta Namibia Netherlands New Zealand Norway Pakistan Palestinian territories Peru Philippines Poland Russia Singapore South Africa Sweden Switzerland Tanzania United Kingdom United States Uruguay

Tax law is an area of legal study dealing with the constitutional, common-law, statutory, tax treaty, and regulatory rules that constitute the law applicable to taxation.

Major issues

Primary taxation issues facing the governments world over include;

• Taxes on income and wealth (or estates).
• Taxation of capital gains versus labor income.^[1]
• Ecotax (short for Ecological taxation) refers to taxes intended to promote environmentally friendly activities via economic incentives.
• Tax evasion and avoidance leading to reduced government revenue.
• Due to an Inefficient tax system in many underdeveloped countries, the majority of small businesses are not taxed.

Education

In law schools, "tax law" is a sub-discipline and area of specialist study. U.S. law schools require 30 semester credit hours of required courses, 60 hours or more of electives and a combined total of at least 90 credit hours completed. Law students must choose available courses on which to focus before graduation with the J.D. degree in the United States. This freedom allows law students to take many tax courses such as federal taxation, estate and gift tax, and estates and successions before completing the Juris Doctor and taking the bar exam in a particular U.S. state.

Master of Laws (LL.M) programs are offered in Canada, United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Netherlands and an increasing number of countries. Many of these programs focus on domestic and international taxation. In the United States, most LL.M. programs require that the candidate be a graduate of an American Bar Association-accredited law school. In other countries a graduate law degree is sufficient for admission to LL.M. in Taxation law programs.

The Master of Laws (LL.M) program is an advanced legal study.

General Requirements

• J.D. (Juris Doctor) or First degree in law.
• An English proficiency test score for students with a native language besides English.

The Juris Doctor (JD) program is offered by only a number of countries. These include, United States, Australia, Canada, Hong Kong, Japan, Philippines, Singapore and the United Kingdom. The courses vary in duration of years, curriculum and whether or not further training is required, depending on which country the program is in.

General Requirements

• A bachelor’s degree.
• Law School Admission Test (LSAT) - Required for law school admission in United States, Canada and a growing number of countries.
• Credit requirements.

A list of tax faculty ranked by publication downloads is maintained by Paul Caron at TaxProf Blog.^[2]

Taxation by jurisdiction

Americas

• Taxation in Colombia
• Taxation in the British Virgin Islands
• Taxation in Canada
• Taxation in the United States

Europe

• Taxation in the European Union
• Taxation in France
• Taxation in Germany
• Taxation in Portugal
• Taxes in Spain
• Taxation in Bulgaria
• Taxation in Poland
• Taxation in the Republic of Ireland
• Taxation in Russia
• Taxation in the United Kingdom
• Taxation in the Netherlands

Asia

• Taxation in Australia
• Taxation in India
• Taxation in Iran
• Taxation in China
• Taxation in the Palestinian territories
• Taxation in the People's Republic of China

See also

• Corporate law
• Corporate tax

References

1. ↑ Simkovic, Michael (2015). "The Knowledge Tax". University of Chicago Law Review. 82. 
2. ↑ Caron, Paul (January 28, 2016). "SSRN Tax Professor Rankings". TaxProf Blog. 

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