Republic of Singapore Navy

Republic of Singapore Navy
Angkatan Laut Republik Singapura  (Malay) 新加坡共和国海军部队 (Chinese) சிங்கப்பூர் கடல் படை (Tamil)
Crest of the Republic of Singapore Navy
Founded	5 May 1967
Country	Singapore
Branch	Navy
Size	6 submarines 6 frigates 6 corvettes 3 littoral mission vessel + 5 (U/C) 11 patrol vessels 4 amphibious transport docks 4 mine countermeasures vessels 2 types of unmanned surface vehicle
Part of	Singapore Armed Forces
Engagements	Operation Thunderstorm International Force – East Timor Operation Flying Eagle Multi-National Force – Iraq Combined Task Force 150 Combined Task Force 151
Commanders
Chief of Navy	RADM Lai Chung Han
Insignia
Commissioning Pennant
Naval Ensign

The Republic of Singapore Navy (RSN) is the naval component of the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF), responsible for the defence of Singapore against sea-borne threats and protection of its sea lines of communications. Operating within the crowded littoral waters of the Singapore Strait, the Singapore Navy is regarded as one of the best in the region and works closely with the Malaysian Navy and Indonesian Navy to combat piracy surrounding their coasts.^[1]

All commissioned ships of the RSN have the prefix RSS standing for (Republic of Singapore Ship).

History

Colonial era

World War II

The Republic of Singapore Navy traces its origins to the Royal Navy in the 1930s with only two patrol craft. The Straits Settlements Royal Navy Volunteer Reserve was established on 20 April 1934 and in 1941 became the Singaporean division of the Malayan Volunteer Reserve during World War II.

Merger with Malaysia

In 1948, the Malayan Force was raised by the Singapore government and was later granted the title of the Royal Malayan Navy in 1952 in recognition of its services in action during the Malayan Emergency.

On 16 September 1963, Singapore was admitted as a state of Malaysia under the terms of confederation and the Royal Malayan Navy was renamed the Royal Malaysian Navy. The Singapore division of the Malayan Royal Navy Volunteer Reserve was formally transferred from the command of the Royal Navy to the Malaysian Navy on 22 September 1963, becoming the Singapore Volunteer Force (SVF).

Independence of Singapore

Structural & name changes

On 9 August 1965, Singapore seceded from Malaysia to form an independent and sovereign nation within the Commonwealth of Nations. The fledgling navy had only two wooden ships then, namely RSS ''Panglima'' (90' Motorized Fishing Vessel built for the RN in 1944 and sent to Singapore in 1948) and RSS Singapura (a captured Japanese minelayer).^[2] Panglima was replaced with another wooden vessel in 1956 with the same name.^[3] On 22 January 1966, the SVF was renamed the Singapore Naval Volunteer Force.

On 5 May 1967, the ensign was hoisted for the first time. A few months later in September, the SNVF was renamed the People's Defence Force (Sea) under the Sea Defence Command (SDC). The SDC was again renamed the Maritime Command (MC) in 1968.

Under its charge, it set out on an expansion program to be able to carry out its seaward defense more effectively. During this period, the Navy saw the addition of six first generation of Independence class patrol vessels in December 1970. The growing constraints and strategic need for a base located nearer to the Singapore Straits necessitated a new base, and the Brani Naval Base on Pulau Brani was formally opened in December 1970.

The foresight was proven correct only a few weeks later, when terrorists from the Japanese Red Army attacked an oil complex on Pulau Bukom and later hijacked the Laju ferry, leading to the Laju incident. Four patrol vessels, RSS Sea Hawk, RSS Independence, RSS Sovereignty and RSS Daring together with the Marine Police, were able to surround the fleeing ferry and prevent it from escaping.^[4]

Around this time the Navy was commanded by a certain Colonel James Aeria, the first head of the Navy.^[5][6]

Modernization of the fleet

The RSN came into being on 1 April 1975, when the SAF established its component forces into three distinct services, and has kept the name ever since.^[7][8] Colonel Aeria stepped down from his post as Chief of Singapore Maritime Command.^[9]

The fleet has expanded massively since 1975 and is now equivalent to the navy of a Nordic nation. It took part in humanitarian relief missions during the 2004 Asian Tsunami and assisted in both the search for MH Flight 370 in the Gulf of Thailand and QZ Flight 8501 in the Karimata Strait.

The Singapore Navy has increased its capability to deal with increasingly complex environments both abroad and close to home. This includes combating the rise of piracy surrounding the waters of the adjacent Malacca Straits and formerly disputed island of Pedra Branca in the South China Sea, considered as vital sea lines of communications. In addition, it has engaged in anti piracy operations in the Gulf of Aden and Horn of Africa under international task forces.

Wars involving Singapore Navy:

• 2004–2008 Multi-National Force – Iraq. Ships participated in the Iraq War and returned home after two or three months deployment in the Persian Gulf without any ground troops involved. Singapore's withdrawal was acknowledged on 23 December 2008.

Organisation

The RSN is led by the Chief of Navy (CNV), and he reports directly to the Chief of Defence Force (CDF). The CNV is responsible for the RSN's overall operational capabilities and administration. His deputies are the Chief of Staff-Naval Staff, Commander Maritime Security Task Force, Fleet Commander and Master Chief Navy. The organisation chart below shows the peacetime administrative chain of command with five formations: the Fleet, Maritime Security Task Force, Naval Diving Unit, Naval Logistics Command, and the Maritime Training and Doctrine Command.^[10]

Chief of Navy

Years in Office	Chief of Navy	Post CNV Career
Incumbent	Lai Chung Han	—
2011–14	Ng Chee Peng	Deputy Secretary (Special Projects) Ministry of Manpower
2007–11	Chew Men Leong	Chief Executive Officer, Public Utilities Board
2003–7	Ronnie Tay	Chief Executive Officer, Infocomm Development Authority of Singapore
1999–2003	Lui Tuck Yew	Chief Executive Officer, Maritime and Port Authority
1996–99	Richard Lim Cherng Yih	Deputy Secretary of Technology, Ministry of Defence (Singapore)
1992–96	Kwek Siew Jin	Managing Director, SMRT Corporation
1991–92	Teo Chee Hean	Minister of State, Government of Singapore
1990–91	James Leo	Chairman of Chartered Industries of Singapore

Current fleet

Submarines

In 1995, the RSN acquired a Challenger class (formerly known as Sjöormen class) submarine from the Swedish Navy and another three in 1997, making them Singapore's first underwater platforms.^[11] As the submarines were designed by the Swedish for operations in the Baltic Sea, various modifications were required to suit them to tropical waters. A comprehensive tropicalisation programme was carried out for all four submarines, which involved installing air conditioning, marine growth protection systems and corrosion-resistant piping.^[12] It is believed that the Challenger class were purchased to develop the required submarine operations expertise before selecting a modern class of submarines to replace them, since all the boats are over 40 years old.^[13] The four Challenger class and two Archer class submarines form the 171 Squadron of the RSN. Two RSN Challenger-class submarines, RSS Challenger and RSS Centurion, were retired from service in 2015.^[14]

Boats	RSS Conqueror—relaunched 28 May 1999 recommissioned 22 July 2001[15] RSS Chieftain—relaunched 22 May 2001 recommissioned 24 August 2002[15][16]
Length	51 metres
Beam	6.1 metres
Displacement	1,130 tonnes surfaced, 1,200 tonnes submerged
Crew	28
Speed	10 knots (19 km/h) surfaced, 16 knots (30 km/h) submerged
Weapons	torpedoes launched from four torpedo tubes

Singapore's Ministry of Defence (MINDEF) signed an agreement with Kockums for the supply of two Archer class (formerly known as Västergötland class) submarines to the RSN on 4 November 2005.^[17] More than 20 years old and previously in reserve with the Swedish Navy, the submarines were transferred to the RSN on completion of the modernisation and conversion for operation in tropical waters. RSS Archer was relaunched on 16 June 2009^[18] and recommissioned on 2 December 2011.^[19] The Archer class submarines are equipped with an air independent propulsion system.^[20] This enables the submarines to have longer submerged endurance and lower noise signature, enhancing the stealth capability of the submarines. The advanced sonar system allows the submarines to detect contacts at a further distance, while the torpedo system has a better target acquisition capability, which allows the submarines to engage contacts at a further range.^[21]

Singapore’s Ministry of Defence (MINDEF) signed a contract to procure two new Type 218SG attack submarines from ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems in November 2013, the new submarines, along with Singapore’s two refurbished Archer-class submarines, will replace four 1960s-vintage Challenger-class submarines procured by Singapore in the 1990s. German industry experts commenting about the deal said the project would cost about one billion Euros and is expected to take six years to complete. The first submarine will be delivered to the Singapore Navy in 2020.^[22][23]

Boats	RSS Archer—relaunched 16 June 2009 recommissioned 2 December 2011 RSS Swordsman—relaunched 20 October 2010 recommissioned 30 April 2013	Launch of RSS Archer in Sweden
Length	60.5 metres
Beam	6.1 metres
Displacement	1,400 tonnes surfaced, 1,500 tonnes submerged
Crew	28
Speed	8 knots (15 km/h) surfaced, >15 knots (28 km/h) submerged
Weapons	torpedoes launched from nine torpedo tubes

MV Swift Rescue, a submarine support and rescue ship was launched 29 November 2008. She carries the deep submergence rescue vehicle Deep Search and Rescue Six (DSAR-6).^[24][25]

Ships	MV Swift Rescue—launched 29 November 2008
Length	85 metres
Beam	18 metres
Displacement	4,000
Crew	27
Speed	12 knots
Weapons	none

Frigates

The Formidable class multi-role stealth frigates are the latest platforms to enter into service with the RSN, and are multi-mission derivatives of the French Navy’s La Fayette class frigate.^[26] The frigates are key information nodes and fighting units, and are “by far the most advanced surface combatants in Southeast Asia".^[27]

The frigates will be equipped with Sikorsky S-70B naval helicopters, an international derivative of the Sikorsky SH-60B Seahawk. MINDEF signed a contract with Sikorsky Aircraft Corporation in January 2005 to acquire six of these helicopters, which will be organic to the frigates. These naval helicopters are equipped with anti-surface and anti-submarine combat systems, extending the ship’s own surveillance and over-the-horizon targeting and anti-submarine warfare capabilities. The naval helicopters will be raised as a squadron in the Republic of Singapore Air Force and piloted by air force pilots, but the system operators will be from the RSN.^[28] Two more S-70B helicopters were ordered in February 2013.^[29]

The frigates have a special surface-to-air missile configuration, combining the Thales Herakles radar with the Sylver A50 launcher and a mix of MBDA Aster 15 and 30 missiles.^[30]

The lead ship of the class, RSS Formidable was commissioned on 5 May 2007, marking the 40th year of the RSN. The six frigates form the 185 Squadron of the RSN.

Ships	RSS Formidable (68)—commissioned 2007 RSS Intrepid (69)—commissioned 2008 RSS Steadfast (70)—commissioned 2008 RSS Tenacious (71)—commissioned 2008 RSS Stalwart (72)—commissioned 2009 RSS Supreme (73)[31]—commissioned 2009	RSS Steadfast with a USN SH-60B Seahawk helicopter during flight deck qualifications RSS Intrepid at Changi Naval Base during the Navy Open House 2007
Length	114.8 metres
Beam	16.3 metres
Displacement	3,200 tonnes
Crew	70, excluding air attachment of about 15
Speed	27 knots (50 km/h)
Weapons	Boeing Harpoon anti-ship missiles MBDA Aster 15/30 surface-to-air missiles Oto Melara 76 mm gun Eurotorp A244-S Mod 3 torpedoes CIS 50 12.7 mm machine guns

Corvettes

In 1983, the RSN ordered six Victory class corvettes from Friedrich Lürssen Werft of Germany.^[32] The first corvette was built in Germany while the remaining five were built locally by ST Marine. The corvettes were also the first class of ships in the RSN to have an anti-submarine capability.^[33] The corvettes are noted for being the fastest ships in the fleet, and for their tall mast, making them top-heavy compared to ships of similar class. However, this is suitable within the fairly calm Singapore waters. The six corvettes form the 188 Squadron of the RSN.

Ships	RSS Victory (88)—commissioned 1990 RSS Valour (89)—commissioned 1990 RSS Vigilance (90)—commissioned 1990 RSS Valiant (91)—commissioned 1991 RSS Vigour (92)—commissioned 1991 RSS Vengeance (93)—commissioned 1991	RSS Victory fires its 76mm gun at a surface target during a gunnery exercise with the US Navy RSS Vengeance launches two Barak missiles during Exercise Cooperation Afloat Readiness and Training
Length	62 metres
Beam	8.5 metres
Displacement	600 tonnes
Crew	46
Speed	30 knots (56 km/h)
Weapons	Boeing Harpoon anti-ship missiles Barak 1 surface-to-air missiles Oto Melara 76 mm gun Eurotorp A244-S Mod 3 torpedoes (removed) CIS 50 12.7 mm machine guns

Patrol vessels

The Fearless class patrol vessels were built locally by ST Marine to replace the older coastal patrol crafts, which were transferred to the Police Coast Guard. The first six vessels of the class are armed for anti-submarine warfare missions, and were placed under the command of the Fleet as 189 Squadron upon commission. In January 2003, RSS Courageous was badly damaged in a collision with a container ship in the Singapore Strait.^[34] In January 2005, 189 Squadron was transferred to the then-Coastal Command from the Fleet, and the twelve ships now form the 182/189 Squadron.^[35] In May 2016, with the completion of RSS Independence's sea trials, 182 and 189 Squadron were merged to form the new 182 Squadron.^[36]

On 30 January 2013, MINDEF awarded ST Engineering a contract for the design and build of eight new vessels to replace the Fearless-class patrol vessels. ST Engineering announced that the group’s marine arm, ST Marine, will build the eight vessels at its Singapore Benoi Yard, with the core combat systems and combat system integration solutions being supplied by the group’s electronics arm, ST Electronics. ST Marine will then carry out the platform system integration as the lead system integrator. The first vessel is expected to be delivered in 2016 and all eight vessels will be fully operational by 2020.^[37][38]

Ships	RSS Fearless (94)—commissioned 1996 RSS Brave (95)—commissioned 1996 RSS Gallant (97)—commissioned 1997 RSS Daring (98)—commissioned 1997 RSS Dauntless (99)—commissioned 1997 RSS Resilience (82)—commissioned 1998 RSS Unity (83)—commissioned 1998 RSS Sovereignty (84)—commissioned 1998 RSS Justice (85)—commissioned 1998 RSS Freedom (86)—commissioned 1998 RSS Independence (87)—commissioned 1998	RSS Resilience at sea Mistral surface-to-air missiles on the Simbad twin-tube launcher/mount
Length	55 metres
Beam	8.6 metres
Displacement	500 tonnes
Crew	30
Speed	20 knots (37 km/h)
Weapons	Mistral surface-to-air missiles Oto Melara 76 mm gun Eurotorp A244-S Mod 3 torpedoes (first six ships) CIS 50 12.7 mm machine guns

Amphibious transport docks

The Endurance class amphibious transport docks are the biggest class of ships in the RSN. They were designed and built locally by ST Marine to replace the old County class tank landing ships (LST). Each ship is fitted with a well dock that can accommodate four landing craft and a flight deck that can accommodate two medium lift helicopters.^[39] While the RSN describes the Endurance class as LSTs, they lack the beaching capability traditionally associated with LSTs, and their well docks and flight decks qualify the Endurance class more as amphibious transport docks.

The ships provide sea transportation for personnel and equipment for SAF's overseas training, as well as a training platform for RSN's midshipmen. RSS Endurance became the first RSN ship to circumnavigate the globe when it participated in the 2000 International Naval Review in New York City.^[40] The ships are also actively involved in humanitarian and disaster relief operations, notably in East Timor, the Persian Gulf, the tsunami-hit Indonesian province of Aceh and most recently, disappearance of Indonesia AirAsia Flight 8501.^[41] The four ships form the 191 Squadron of the RSN.

Ships	RSS Endurance (207)—commissioned 2000 RSS Resolution (208)—commissioned 2000 RSS Persistence (209)—commissioned 2001 RSS Endeavour (210)—commissioned 2001	RSS Persistence (209) in the Singapore Strait.
Length	141 metres
Beam	21 metres
Displacement	6,000 tonnes
Crew	65
Speed	15 to 20 knots (28 to 37 km/h)
Weapons	Mistral surface-to-air missiles Oto Melara 76 mm gun CIS 50 12.7 mm machine guns M242 Bushmaster 25 mm automatic cannon stabilised, light armoured (similar to Mk 38 Mod 2) installed before Gulf deployments.

Mine countermeasures vessels

The RSN acquired mine countermeasure capabilities as early as 1975, when the USN's USS Thrasher and USS Whippoorwill were reactivated by the RSN's engineers and technicians in California. The Redwing class coastal minesweepers were commissioned as RSS Jupiter and RSS Mercury.^[42]

These two ships were eventually replaced by the Bedok class mine countermeasures vessels. The first ship, RSS Bedok, was built by Karlskronavarvet in Sweden based on the Landsort class design. The remaining three ships were prefabricated in Sweden and transferred to Singapore for final assembly by ST Marine. The ships are constructed of glass reinforced plastic to maintain low magnetic and acoustic signatures, and are fitted with Voith Schneider Propellers, giving it the highest manoeuvrability in the navy. The ships form the 194 Squadron of the RSN.

Ships	RSS Bedok (M105)—commissioned 1995 RSS Kallang (M106)—commissioned 1995 RSS Katong (M107)—commissioned 1995 RSS Punggol (M108)—commissioned 1995	Bedok class MCMVs berthed at Changi Naval Base during the Navy Open House 2007
Length	47.5 metres
Beam	9.6 metres
Displacement	360 tonnes
Crew	32
Speed	15 knots (28 km/h)
Weapons	Typhoon Weapon Station ECA Robotics K-STER expendable mine disposal vehicles CIS 50 12.7 mm machine guns

Others

The RSN operates the Protector unmanned surface vehicles. They were deployed together with the Endurance class landing platform dock ships to the North Persian Gulf for peacekeeping operations in 2005, where they performed surveillance and reconnaissance, as well as force protection duties for more than eight hours at a go.^[43]

Ships	(2) Protector USV
Length	9 metres
Beam	N/A
Displacement	N/A
Crew	none
Speed	40 knots
Weapons	Typhoon Weapon System with the CIS 50 12.7 mm machine gun

Historical fleet

Missile gunboats

The Sea Wolf class missile gunboats were acquired in 1968, based on the TNC 45 design from Fredrich Lürssen Werft.^[44] The first two gunboats were constructed in Germany, while the remaining four were constructed locally by ST Marine (then known as Singapore Shipbuilding and Engineering).

As new technology became available, these gunboats underwent a number of upgrading programmes in the 1980s and 1990s to increase their strike capability and sophistication. These gunboats became the first missile-armed naval vessels in Southeast Asia when they were upgraded to launch Boeing Harpoon (SSM) surface-to-surface missiles.^[45] On 13 May 2008, all six gunboats were retired at a sunset decommissioning ceremony held at Changi Naval Base following 33 years of service.^[46]

Ships	RSS Sea Wolf (P76)—commissioned 1975 RSS Sea Lion (P77)—commissioned 1975 RSS Sea Dragon (P78)—commissioned 1975 RSS Sea Tiger (P79)—commissioned 1976 RSS Sea Hawk (P80)—commissioned 1976 RSS Sea Scorpion (P81)—commissioned 1976	RSS Sea Dragon docked at Changi Naval Base during the Navy Open House 2007
Length	45 metres
Beam	6.5 metres
Displacement	270 tonnes
Crew	40
Speed	30 knots (56 km/h)
Weapons	RGM-84 Harpoon anti-ship missiles Gabriel Mk.2 anti-ship missiles Mistral surface-to-air missiles (replaced the Bofors 40 mm gun after refit) Bofors 57mm/L70 Mk.1 (A-Gun position) Bofors 40mm/L70 (Y-Gun position before refit) CIS 50 12.7 mm machine guns

Bases

Tuas Naval Base

Tuas Naval Base (TNB) is the second naval base in the RSN's history. Located at the western tip of Singapore, it occupies 0.28 km² (0.11 mi²) of land. It was officially opened on 2 September 1994 by the second prime minister Goh Chok Tong.

For about two decades, Brani Naval Base was the RSN's only base. An expansion of the fleet in the early 1980s meant that more space was needed for the fleet and its shore infrastructure. However, this was not possible as the land around Brani was reserved for use by the port authority to develop container facilities.^[47] As a result, Tuas was selected as the site for a second naval base.

Better utilisation of space at TNB resulted in two and a half times more berthing space than Brani, even though TNB only has a shoreline of 850 m (0.5 mi). Provision was also made for recreational facilities. Automation was incorporated into the design of TNB to reduce manpower requirements, such as mechanical ramps for the loading and unloading of vehicles and an automatic storage and retrieval system. It also has a floating dock which can lift 600 tonnes and transfer a ship from sea to land to facilitate repairs and maintenance.^[48]

Currently, the missile corvettes, patrol vessels and mine counter-measures vessels are based at TNB.

Changi Naval Base

Changi Naval Base (CNB) is the latest naval facility of the RSN and was built to replace Brani Naval Base. Located on 1.28 km² (0.50 mi²) of reclaimed land at the eastern tip of Singapore, it was officially opened on 21 May 2004 by Goh Chok Tong.

Its 6.2 km (3.9 mi) berthing space can accommodate an aircraft carrier and is often used by visiting ships of the USN.^[49]

Automation was incorporated into the design of CNB to reduce manpower requirements. It has an automated underground ammunition depot that allows ammunition to be loaded onto the ships and an automated warehouse system to store items. The base has a fibre optic broadband network for information management. The base was also designed to be environment-friendly, with small-scale wind turbines powering the lights along the breakwaters at night. Conventional roof construction materials were substituted by thin film solar panels and the solar energy generated lights the base. In addition, seawater is used in the air-conditioning system.^[50]

Currently, the submarines, frigates and amphibious transport docks are based at CNB. Co-located in CNB is the Changi Naval Training Base, also known as RSS Panglima—named in honour of the first ship of the navy.^[51][52]

In popular culture

Television programs

• Navy, first telecast 17 July 1990
• Be Somebody, first telecast 25 May 2004

References

External links

• Official website of the RSN
• Navy News – official bi-monthly publication of the RSN