Shrew (stock character)

The Taming of the Shrew, by C. R. Leslie.

The shrew – an unpleasant, ill-tempered woman characterised by scolding, nagging, and aggression[1] – is a comedic, stock character in literature and folklore, both Western and Eastern.[2] The best-known work with this theme is probably Shakespeare's play The Taming of the Shrew. The figure represents "insubordinate female behavior" in a marital system of polarised gender roles, that is male-dominated in a moral hierarchy.[2]

In 30 cultural groups in the middle 20th century, folklorist Jan Harold Brunvand collected over 400 literary and oral version of shrew stories, in Europe alone.[3] This stereotype or cliché was common in early to mid-20th century films, and retains some present-day currency,[2] often shifted somewhat toward the virtues of the stock female character of the heroic virago.

Usage and etymology

As a reference to actual women, rather than the stock character, shrew is considered old-fashioned,[4][5] and the synonym scold (as a noun) is archaic.[6] More modern, figurative labels include battle-axe and dragon lady;[7] more literary alternatives (all deriving from mythological names) are termagant, harpy, and fury.[7][8] The term shrew is still used to describe the stock character in fiction and folk storytelling.[2] None of these terms are usually applied to males in Modern English.[1]

Shrew derives from Middle English shrewe for 'evil or scolding person', used since at least the 11th century,[7] in turn from Old English scrēawa or scrǣwa, 'shrew' (animal);[6][7] cognates in other Germanic languages have divergent meanings, including 'fox', 'dwarf', 'old man', and 'devil'.[6] The modern spelling dates to the 14th century.[7] Historically, the animals called shrews were superstitiously feared, falsely believed to have a venomous bite and to behave aggressively and with cruelty,[9] leading to the now-obsolete word beshrew, 'to curse or invoke evil upon'.[10]

Beginning in the mid-13th century, following on the belief that the animals could exert a wicked influence on humans exposed to them, the term was applied metaphorically to a person of either sex thought to have a similar disposition, but by the 14th century, it was applied to women alone.[10][11] This also led to a now obsolete verb usage, to shrew meaning 'to scold'.[7]

A shrew's fiddle, used as mobile stocks for women in Austria and Germany during the Middle Ages. The large hole was for the neck with the smaller holes being for the wrists.

By the middle 16th century, the opposing extremes of wifely personality traits were contrasted as "shrew" vs. "sheep".[10][12] The earliest known formal definition of shrew as applied to people is Samuel Johnson's, in the 1755 A Dictionary of the English Language: "peevish, malignant, clamorous, spiteful, vexatious, turbulent woman". He described the use of the word in reference to males as "ancient",[13] but also quoted Shakespeare using it to satirise a man by likening him to the shrewish woman central to his play: "By this reckoning he is more shrew than she."[14] (Cf. modern use toward men of other female-targeted slurs like bitch.)

As a synonym for the shrew in literature and theatre, the word termagant derives from the name Termagant, an invented, mock-Muslim, male deity used in mediaeval mystery plays, characterised as violent and overbearing.[15][16] Termagant features in many period works of the 11th through 15th centuries, from The Song of Roland to Chaucer's Canterbury Tales (in "The Tale of Sir Thopas").[17]

The name was genericised into a term referring to male characters with ranting, bullying personalities. In the 16th century, Shakespeare used the word in this generic, masculine sense in Hentry V, Part I (as an adjective), and in its original proper name sense in Hamlet. Such characters usually wore long gowns that gave them a feminine appearance in an era when female characters were played by men or boys, and were dressed similarly. This led the gradual shift in meaning,[18] to refer exclusively to an overbearing, turbulent, quarrelsome, even brawling woman,[1] which was a well established usage by the late 17th century. Female characters actually named Termagant appear in works including Thomas Shadwell's play The Squire of Alsatia (1688),[19] and Arthur Murphy's play The Upholsterer (1758),[20] while Washington Irving's "Rip Van Winkle" (1819) uses the word generically, to refer to the main character's wife.

The similar term harridan, widely also considered a synonym of shrew,[1] originated as a late 17th-century slang term for 'aging prostitute' (probably from 16th-century French haridelle, 'old horse', in metaphor a 'gaunt, ill-favoured woman').[21][22] It has taken on the meaning of scolding, nagging, bossy, belligerent woman, especially an older one, and is not tied to literary context.[1]

Another word with essentially the same meaning, and applying only to women since around 1300, is the noun scold (later replaced with scolder, as scold became a verb toward the late 14th century). It dates more gender-neutrally to Middle English, ca. 1150–1200, as scold or scald (unrelated to the 'burn' sense, from Old French), and probably derives from Old Norse skáld, 'a skald', i.e. poet.[23][24] The skalds, like the bards, were feared for their panegyric satire, and this may explain the connection to verbal abusiveness.[24]

Johnson's 18th century definition was: "A clamourous, rude, mean, low, foul-mouthed woman", suggesting a level of vulgarity and a class distinction from the more generalised shrew, but this nuance has been lost.[24] In Johnson's time, the word formed part of a legal term, common scold which referred to rude and brawling women .[25] To the extent the noun form retains any currency, some dictionaries observe that it can (unusually) be applied to males,[24] a recent re-development. Scold, in its heyday, was not particularly limited to literary or theatrical contexts.

The shrew-taming plot

A common central theme of such literature and folktales is the often forceful "taming" of shrewish wives by their husbands.[2] Arising in folklore, in which community story-telling can have functions of moral censorship or suasion, it has served to affirm traditional values and moral authority regarding polarised gender roles, and to address social unease about female behavior in marriage.[2]

This basic plot structure typically involves a series of recurring motifs:[2] A man, often young and penniless, marries a woman with shrewish or other negative qualities (laziness, etc.), for her dowry or other reasons unrelated to love, despite another trying to talk him out of it.[2] She may have a more docile but unavailable younger sister, for contrast, and/or an even more shrewish mother.[2]

The taming process begins immediately after the marriage, and does not last long, sometimes only the wedding night itself.[2] It involves denial of intimacy by the husband to the bride, and often also has several other features, including coercion (e.g., by violence, sleep deprivation, and/or starvation) to induce submission, and psychological manipulation (e.g. abuse of animals, usually cats, in front of the wife).[2] Capitulation by the "shrew" happens suddenly, she transforms into a "model" wife, and the couple live happily ever after.[2]

A variant suggests that the taming must be done early: The one who had tried to talk the young man out of the marriage (often the bride's own father) sees that it worked on the bride, and tries it on his own wife unsuccessfully because she already knows he is meek.[2] Many of these elements, including denial of food (through trickery) and psychological manipulation (without animal abuse), were reused by William Shakespeare in his play The Taming of the Shrew, which closes with the reformed shrew giving a monologue on why wives should always obey their husbands.

This overall plot structure was retained in various works of silent-era and post-World War II cinema.[2]

Elements of the shrew-taming plot are still used today,[2] though with less patriarchal messages since the rise of feminism. The Taming of the Shrew has itself led to various modern, loose adaptations to current societal views in differing Western and Eastern industrialised societies, while retaining the stock character and the underlying theme of consequences of female disagreeableness, but often giving the "shrew" much more agency, and portraying some "shrewish" traits in a positive light, blending with the stock character of the virago.

Some of these include: Frivolous Wife, a 2008 South Korean film, in which the "shrew" attempts to change herself to become better accepted by her inlaws; ShakespeaRe-Told: The Taming of the Shrew, a 2005 British TV movie, in which a British politician seeks to reform her PR image as an abrasive woman by getting married, but finds this challenging; Deliver Us from Eva, a 2003 American romantic comedy film, in which the boyfriends of three young sisters whose relationships are being micro-managed by an elder, troublesome fourth sister, hire a pick-up artist to seduce this "shrew" and get them out of their lives, but he falls in love with her despite her ways not changing permanently.

In 10 Things I Hate About You, a 1999 American teen romantic comedy, in which high school students play matchmaker with a "shrew" and her cantankerous male counterpart, while themes of family reconciliation and teen-sex-related psychological angst are explored. It was remade as a 2009 TV series, in which the "shrew" character is redeveloped into a serious-attitude activist. In an uncommon gender-role reversal, the 1980 Italian film Il Bisbetico Domato (The Taming of the Scoundrel) features a macho and grumpy but successful male farmer, known for antisocially driving women away, who is eventually won over by an earnest young lady, aided by the farmer's housekeeper who has long been trying to find a bride for the loner.

The fishwife motif

Main article: Fishwife
Isaac Cruikshank's 1805 political cartoon, "A New Catamaran Expedition!!!".

Because fishwives (i.e. fishermen's wives and daughters working as street-vending fishmongers) were notorious for "mannish", loud, pushy, abrasive verbal behavior as an aggressive marketing technique, they have been repeatedly used as an occupationally specific version of the shrewish woman theme, especially in 18th-century British satire.[26]

These depictions are sometimes more favourable than those of the shrew-taming plot, and may lean toward the stock character of the virago, featuring vigorous and decisive women contrasted with vacillating and weak men, especially politicians, fops, and disfavoured foreigners. In this role, they also feature in political cartoons of the era; for example, in Isaac Cruikshank's A New Catamaran Expedition!!!, a fleet of fishwives sails across the English Channel to terrorise the French and shame the British Prime Minister Pitt for his inaction.[26]

In early modern law

Main article: Common scold

Being a "common scold" was once a petty criminal offense in the early modern law of England and Wales and of colonial New England, during the 16th through 18th centuries. Punishments varied by region, but were usually meant to humiliate the guilty party. They included the imposition of the ducking stool, pillory, jougs, a shrew's fiddle, or a scold's bridle. Scold or shrew was a term which could be applied with different degrees of reprobation, and one early modern proverb allowed that "a shrew profitable may serve a man reasonable".[12]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 See all dictionaries cited below.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Vasvári, Louise O. (March 2002). "Examples of the Motif of the Shrew in European Literature and Film". Comparative Literature and Culture. 4 (1). Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  3. ↑ Vasvári (2002), citing: Brunvald, Jan Harold (1991) [1961]. The Taming of the Shrew: A Comparative Study of Oral and Literary Versions. New York: Garland. This has been republished by Routlege, ISBN 978-0824071493, in their Folklore Library series.
  4. ↑ "Shrew". Cambridge Dictionaries Online. 2015. Second definition. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  5. ↑ "Shrew". Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary. Oxford University Press. 2015. Second definition. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
  6. 1 2 3 "Shrew". Oxford English Dictionary Online. Oxford University Press. 2015. Second definition. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Shrew". Merriam-Webster Dictionary Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Company. 2015. second definition. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  8. ↑ "Shrew". Thesaurus.com. 2015. Retrieved 15 June 2015. This source aggregates material from paper thesauri, including Roget's 21st Century Thesaurus (3rd ed.). Philip Lief Group. 2013.
  9. ↑ Buczacki, Stefan (2002). Fauna Britannica. Hamlyn. ISBN 0-600-61392-5.
  10. 1 2 3 "Shrew". Dictionary.com. 2015. Second definition in each section. Retrieved 15 June 2015. This source aggregates material from paper dictionaries, including Random House Dictionary, Collins English Dictionary, and Harper's Online Etymology Dictionary.
  11. ↑ Hayes, Justin Cord (2012). The Unexpected Evolution of Language: Discovering the Surprising Etymology of Everyday Words. Adams Media. p. 195. ISBN 978-1440542787.
  12. 1 2 Allen Brown, Pamela (2003). Better a Shrew than a Sheep: Women, Drama, and the Culture of Jest in Early Modern England. Cornell University Press. p. 61. ISBN 978-0801488368.
  13. ↑ Johnson, Samuel (1755). A Dictionary of the English Language. "Shrew" entry, first definition. Retrieved 15 June 2015. Site provides direct scans from the original, and an ongoing transcription project.
  14. ↑ Shakespeare, William. The Taming of the Shrew. Act 4, Scene I. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
  15. ↑ "Termagant". Oxford English Dictionary Online. Oxford University Press. 2015. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  16. ↑ "Ternagant". Merriam-Webster Dictionary Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Company. 2015. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
  17. ↑ Bolton Holloway, Julia (1992). The Pilgrim and the Book: A Study of Dante, Langland, and Chaucer. New York: Peter Lang. p. 151.
  18. ↑ Shipley, Joseph T. (1945). Dictionary of Word Origins (2nd ed.). New York: Philosophical Library. p. 354.
  19. ↑ Saintsbury, George (1907). Thomas Shadwell. London: T.F. Unwin. p. 238.
  20. ↑ Murphy, Arthur (1956). The Way to Keep Him & Five Other Plays. London: Vaillant. p. 63.
  21. ↑ "Harridan". Dictionary.com. 2015. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
  22. ↑ "Harridan". Merriam-Webster Dictionary Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Company. 2015. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
  23. ↑ "Scold". Oxford English Dictionary Online. Oxford University Press. 2015. Second definition. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
  24. 1 2 3 4 "Scold". Dictionary.com. 2015. Noun definitions. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
  25. ↑ "Common scold". Dictionary.com. 2015. Noun definitions. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
  26. 1 2 McCreery, Cindy (2004). The Satirical Gaze: Prints of Women in late Eighteenth-century England. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-926756-9.
  27. Vasvári (2002), citing: Brunvand, Jan Harold (1991) [1961]. The Taming of the Shrew: A Comparative Study of Oral and Literary Versions. New York: Garland. This has been republished by Routlege, ISBN 978-0824071493, in their Folklore Library series.
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