Shivalli Brahmins

The Śivaḷḷi Brahmins (Tulu: ಶಿವಳ್ಳಿ ಬ್ರಾಹ್ಮಣರು) are a Hindu community in Tulu Nadu. They are divided into two groups, the first of which follows the Dvaita philosophy founded by the Vaishnava saint Madhvacharya of Udupi are called Shivalli Madhwa Brahmins, and the second of which follow the Advaita Vedanta philosophy of Adi Shankara and are known as Shivalli Smartha Brahmins.^[1]

Udupi cuisine

Shivalli Brahmins are famous for Udupi hotels (vegetarian restaurants) known for serving typical south Indian dishes like idli, vada, dosa, shira and upma etc.^[2] Shivalli Brahmins have a unique style of cooking, serving and eating meals. The meal is served on a plantain (banana) leaf and is usually eaten by hand, seated in a squatting position on the floor.^[3] The meal is wholesome and elaborate in preparation, serving and eating.

Rituals and customs

Rituals

A young Shivalli Brahmin boy during his upanayana

Shivalli Brahmin males undergo the Upanayana when they turn seven years old to initiate them into Vedic studies.^[4] It is also known as Brahmopadesham. The key ritual during the Upanayana is that of putting a sacred thread consisting of three cotton strands across the left shoulder of the boy. The initiate is called a dvija "twice-born" and is expected to perform the sandhyavandanam at least twice daily. Dvija has a special knot in it which is called as "Brahma Gant". Shivalli Madhwa Brahmins also undergo the Upakarma, where the sacred thread is changed and mudradharana is done. Mudradharana is a ritual where Vaishnavite symbols like the conch or the wheel are etched on bodies as a ritual of purification...^[5] Currently, the prevalent practice is to paint the symbols using gopichandana paste. In old vedas it is mentioned that after upanayana he enters the stage of Brahmacharya ashram, leading a celibate and austere life of a student in his teacher’s home, eating from handouts given by the generous neighbors. It is equivalent to say he will undergo studies excluding all other aspects in modern days. When he has accomplished his studies of the Vedas, he enters the Grahastha ashram, a married man becoming head of his household. This dvija also called as "Janivara" is replaced with six cotton strands during the wedding.

Marriage

Present day marriages of Shivalli Madhva Brahmins are a four-day ceremony, sometimes condensed to a single day due to the fast pace of today's life.^[6] In the three-day ritual, the process of marriage starts with Naandi (literally meaning start). During Naandi, which takes place in the groom's and bride's homes separately, but at the same time, a ceremony is performed where the bride and groom have coconut oil and turmeric applied to them and are bathed in hot water followed by other rituals. Marriage (Madimae in Tulu) takes place at a temple, hall or auditorium followed by lunch. All the ceremonies are held as per horoscopes of bride and groom at a particular time called muhurtha. Generally the day after marriage, a ceremony called as the Bigara authana (a sort of reception) is held at the groom's place and consists of the Satyanarayana puja and other rituals followed by lunch. The bigara authana is an equivalent of the marriage reception. Fourth day is small function at the bride's house named as "Aarthakshathe." It is a ritual where shamiana (house decorative) will be removed concluding end of the ceremony. Bride and groom's Basinga (a wearing specially worn on wedding day) is tied to a pole in the bride's house and the newly married couple will start their new life with elders' (hiriyer) blessings.

Festivals

Shivalli Brahmins celebrate all major Hindu festivals such as Ganesh Chaturthi, Deepavali, Navaratri, Sankranti, Madhwanavami, Janmashtami, Bisu Parba(Tulu New Year), Ramanavami, Hanuman Jayanthi etc. They also believe in nagaradhane and rituals of Bhuta Kola.^[7]

Gotras

Every shivalli Brahmins belong to a particular gotra, essentially a clan. Gotras are named for rishis, Hindu poet-sages. Marriage is not allowed between members of the same gotra(sagotra in Tulu). However,those belonging to Angirasa gotra don't have this restriction. Shivalli Brahmins belong to the following gotras:.

• Bhargava
• Jamadagni
• Vishwamitra
• Bhardwaja
• Vashista
• Angirasa
• Kashyapa
• Koundinya
• Haritsa
• Agastya
• Athri

Every shivalli Brahmin is also identified with particular kula nama which ends with aaya, laaya, thaya and naaya. E.g. saghritthaya, aggithayya etc.[8]

Restricted diet

While maintaining a vegetarian diet, Shivalli Madhwa Brahmins are expected to avoid eating the following vegetables and fruits:

• Tomato
• Onion
• Garlic
• Potato (sweet potato or kelang is allowed)
• Papaya
• Brinjal (a variety of brinjal called Matti Gulla, and Perampalli Gulla available around Udupi, are allowed)
• French beans (cluster beans or alasande are permitted)
• Carrot
• Drumsticks (Moringa oleifera)
• Beet root
• Radish
• Cabbage
• Cauliflower
• Bottle gourd
• Water melon
• Mushrooms

Today, these restrictions are mostly followed only in the Ashta Mathas of Udupi and some temples of South Canara apart from orthodox Shivalli households. These vegetables and fruits are not considered to be origin of Parashurama kshetra and are tamasic foods. For example, tomatoes, potatoes, pineapple are from the New World and not native to India. Besides Shivalli Brahmins, a number of other Hindu communities across India avoid Onion and garlic for being tamasic.Shivalli Brahmins are not supposed to eat puffed rice, para-boiled rice.

See also

• Ahichatra
• Dvaita
• Nambudiri
• Krishnapura matha
• Paryaya
• Shivalli Smarta Brahmins

Notes

References

• Gururaja Bhat, P., Studies in Tuluva History and Culture, 1975.
• Gururaja Bhat, P., Tuḷunāḍu, 1963
• Hebbar, Neria H., "Customs and Classes of Hinduism", March 2, 2003.
• Hebbar, Neria H., "The Tale of Tuluva Brahmins", p. 2, January 12, 2003.
• Kakkilaya, B. Srinivas, "The History of Shivalli Brahmins", July 25, 2005.
• Rajalakshmi, U.B., Udupi Cuisine, Bangalore: Prism Books, ISBN 978-81-7286-175-9.
• Saletore, B.A., Ancient Karnataka History of Tuluva, vol. I, 1936.

External links

• Shivalli Brahmins

C-Class Karnataka articles