Sexuality of Adolf Hitler
Adolf Hitler's sexuality has long been a matter of historical and scholarly debate. There is evidence that he had romantic encounters with a number of women during his lifetime, as well as evidence of his antipathy to homosexuality, and no evidence of homosexual encounters. His name has been linked to a number of possible female lovers, two of whom committed suicide. Another died of complications eight years after a suicide attempt, and one made a failed suicide attempt.
Hitler created a public image as a celibate man without a domestic life, dedicated entirely to his political mission and the nation. His relationship with Eva Braun, which lasted nearly 14 years, was hidden from the public and all but his inner circle. Braun biographer Heike Görtemaker notes that the couple enjoyed a normal sex life. Hitler and Braun married in late April 1945, less than 40 hours before committing suicide together.
Two wartime reports by the Allies attempted to analyze Hitler psychologically. Walter C. Langer's 1943 report for the American Office of Strategic Services (OSS) describes Hitler as having repressed homosexual tendencies and opined that he was an impotent coprophile. Psychologist Henry Murray wrote a separate psychoanalytical report for the OSS in 1943 that drew similar conclusions. Otto Strasser, one of Hitler's opponents in the Nazi Party, also told his post-war interrogators a similar story. British historian Sir Ian Kershaw describes Strasser's statement as "anti-Hitler propaganda".[1]
In research following Hitler's death, a variety of claims have been made about Hitler's sexual orientation: that he was gay, bisexual, or asexual. Conclusive evidence is lacking, but most historians believe he was heterosexual. There is at least one claim that Hitler had an illegitimate child (named Jean-Marie Loret) with one of his lovers. Mainstream historians, such as Ian Kershaw, dismiss this as unlikely or impossible.[2]
Historical accounts
Hitler's sex life has long been the subject of speculation and rumours, many of which were invented or "spiced up" by his political enemies.[3] While the sexual preferences of many members of Hitler's inner circle are known, conclusive evidence of Hitler's sexuality is lacking. The evidence that exists about Hitler's private life is largely from people in his inner circle, such as his adjutants, his secretaries, Albert Speer, the Richard Wagner family, and others. There is evidence that he had infatuations with a number of women during his lifetime, as well as evidence of his antipathy to homosexuality, and no evidence that he engaged in homosexual behavior.[4][5][6] British historian Sir Ian Kershaw describes him as being repelled by personal contact and sexual activity, including homosexuality and prostitution, especially as a young man in Vienna. He was afraid of contracting a sexually transmitted infection.[7]
Hermann Rauschning claimed to have seen in Hitler's First World War military record an item concerning a court martial that found Hitler guilty of pederastic practices with an officer. Rauschning also claimed that in Munich Hitler was found guilty of a violation of Paragraph 175, which dealt with pederasty. No evidence of either of these two charges has been found.[8]
Hitler had a few brief relationships when young. He was deeply attached to his half-niece Geli Raubal, 19 years his junior. She began living at his residence after her mother became Hitler's housekeeper in 1925. Although the exact nature and extent of their relationship is unknown, Kershaw describes it as a latent "sexual dependence".[9] It was rumoured among contemporaries that they were in a romantic relationship. Geli committed suicide with Hitler's gun in his Munich apartment in September 1931. Her death was a source of deep, lasting pain for Hitler.[10] Ernst Hanfstaengl, one of the members of Hitler's inner circle in the early years in Munich, wrote that "I felt Hitler was a case of a man who was neither fish, flesh nor fowl, neither fully homosexual nor fully heterosexual ... I had formed the firm conviction that he was impotent, the repressed, masturbating type."[11] Nevertheless, Hanfstaengl was convinced enough of Hitler's heterosexuality that he unsuccessfully tried to encourage a romantic relationship between Hitler and Martha Dodd, daughter of the American ambassador.[12] According to Hanfstaengl, filmmaker Leni Riefenstahl tried to begin a relationship with Hitler early on, but he turned her down.[13]
Hitler's regime persecuted homosexuals, sending an estimated 5,000 to 15,000 to concentration camps; some 2,500 to 7,500 of these died.[14] After the Night of the Long Knives (1934), Hitler described the homosexuality of Ernst Röhm and other SA leaders as corrupt and immoral.[15] In August 1941 Hitler declared that "homosexuality is actually as infectious and as dangerous as the plague",[16] and supported Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler's efforts to remove gay men from the military and the SS. Male homosexuality was illegal, and offenders were sent to prison or directly to concentration camps.[17]
Hitler created a public image as a celibate man without a domestic life, dedicated entirely to his political mission and the nation.[18][19] He considered himself to be attractive to women, partly because of his position of power.[20] Hitler's friend Albert Speer recalled him stating a preference for unintelligent women who would not challenge him about his work or prevent him from relaxing in his leisure time.[20] Kershaw speculates that Hitler preferred younger women who were easy to dominate and mold. He notes that at least three of Hitler's close female associates (Eva Braun, Geli Raubal, and Maria Reiter) were far younger than himself: Braun was 23 years younger, Raubal was 19 years younger, and Reiter was 21 years his junior.[21]
His relationship with Braun, which lasted nearly 14 years, was hidden from the public and all but his inner circle.[22] Within that circle (most of whom survived the war), he was open about Braun, and they lived together at Berchtesgaden as a couple. Hitler's valet, Heinz Linge, stated in his memoirs that Hitler and Braun had two bedrooms and two bathrooms with interconnecting doors at the Berghof, and Hitler would end most evenings alone with her in his study before they retired to bed. She would wear a "dressing gown or house-coat" and drink wine; Hitler would have tea.[23] Braun biographer Heike Görtemaker notes that the couple enjoyed a normal sex life.[24] Braun's friends and relatives described her giggling over a 1938 photograph of Neville Chamberlain sitting on a sofa in Hitler's Munich flat with the remark: "If only he knew what goings-on that sofa has seen."[25]
Hitler's letters provide evidence that he was fond of her, and worried when she participated in sports or was late returning for tea.[26] His secretary Traudl Junge stated that during the war, Hitler telephoned Braun every day. He was concerned for her safety when she was staying in the Munich home he had bought her.[27] Junge further asked Hitler once why he never married. Hitler replied, "...I wouldn't have been able to give enough time to my wife".[27] Hitler told her that he didn't want children, as they would have had "...a very hard time, because they're expected to possess the same gifts as their famous parents and they can't be forgiven for being mediocre".[27] In the end, Hitler and Braun married in the Berlin Führerbunker in late April 1945, less than 40 hours before committing suicide together.[28]
Langer's and Murray's wartime OSS reports
In 1943, the American Office of Strategic Services (OSS) received A Psychological Analysis of Adolf Hitler: His Life and Legend by Walter C. Langer, commissioned to help the Allies understand the dictator.[29] The report, later expanded into book form as The Mind of Adolf Hitler: The Secret Wartime Report (1972),[30] describes Hitler as having repressed homosexual tendencies[31] and states that he was an impotent coprophile.[32] Psychologist Henry Murray wrote a separate psychoanalytical report for OSS also in 1943, entitled Analysis of the Personality of Adolph Hitler: With Predictions of His Future Behavior and Suggestions for Dealing with Him Now and After Germany's Surrender.[33] He also dealt with Hitler's alleged coprophilia, but overall diagnosed Hitler a schizophrenic.[34] One of Hitler's opponents in the Nazi Party, Otto Strasser, told OSS interrogators that the Nazi dictator forced Geli Raubal to urinate and defecate on him.[35] Kershaw contends that stories circulated by Strasser as to alleged "sexual deviant practices ought to be viewed as ... anti-Hitler propaganda".[1]
Recent allegations
In research following his death, a variety of claims have been made about Hitler's sexuality: that he was gay, bisexual, or asexual, or may have engaged sexual activity with his half-niece, Geli Raubal.[9]
The 1995 book The Pink Swastika, by Scott Lively and Kevin Abrams, asserts that most of the top Nazis were homosexual and that there is evidence that homosexuals are violent and dangerous. Mainstream historians have criticized the book for its inaccuracies and manipulation of facts.[36][37] Bob Moser, writing for the Southern Poverty Law Center, says the book was promoted by anti-gay groups and that historians agree its premise is "utterly false".[38]
Jack Nusan Porter of the University of Massachusetts Lowell wrote in 1998: "Did Hitler despise homosexuals? Was he ashamed of his own homosexual identity? These are areas of psychohistory that are beyond known knowledge. My own feelings are that Hitler was asexual in the traditional sense and had bizarre sexual fetishes".[39]
Historian Lothar Machtan argues in The Hidden Hitler (2001) that Hitler was homosexual. The book speculates about Hitler's experiences in Vienna with young friends, his adult relationships with (among others) Röhm, Hanfstaengl, and Emil Maurice, and includes a study of the Mend Protocol, a series of allegations made to the Munich Police in the early 1920s by Hans Mend, who served with Hitler during World War I. The American journalist Ron Rosenbaum is highly critical of Machtan's work, saying his "evidence falls short of being conclusive and often falls far short of being evidence at all".[40] Most scholars dismiss Machtan's claims, and believe Hitler was heterosexual.[4][5][6] In 2004, HBO produced a documentary film based on Machtan's theory, titled Hidden Fuhrer: Debating the Enigma of Hitler's Sexuality.
Possible relationships
Adolf Hitler's name has been linked romantically with a number of women other than Eva Braun.
| Name | Life | Age at death | Cause of death | Contact with Hitler | Relationship | Reference(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stefanie Rabatsch | Unknown | Unknown | c. 1905 | Teenage love interest | [41][42] | |
| Charlotte Lobjoie | 1898–1951 | 53 | Allegedly met c. 1917 | Alleged lovers; her son Jean-Marie Loret claimed that Hitler was his father.[43] | The dominant view, expressed by historians such as Anton Joachimsthaler,[44] Belgian journalist Jean-Paul Mulders,[45] and Sir Ian Kershaw,[2] is that Hitler's paternity of Loret is unlikely or impossible. | |
| Erna Hanfstaengl | 1885–1981 | 96 | Natural causes | Met in 1920s | Rumoured lovers | [46] |
| Maria Reiter | December 23, 1911 – 1992 | 81 | Natural causes; suicide attempt in 1928 by hanging | Met in 1925 | Possibly lovers | [47][48][49] |
| Geli Raubal | June 4, 1908 – September 18, 1931 | 23 | Suicide | Lived in Hitler's home from 1925 until her death | Half-niece, speculated lovers | [50][51] |
| Eva Braun | February 6, 1912 – April 30, 1945 | 33 | Double suicide with Hitler | Met in autumn 1929 | Longterm companion; briefly his wife | [52] |
| Unity Mitford | August 8, 1914 – May 28, 1948 | 33 | Distraught over Britain's declaration of war on Germany, she attempted suicide; almost nine years later she died from complications related to her suicide attempt.[53] | Met in 1934 | Friends, speculated lovers | [54] |
See also
References
Citations
- 1 2 Kershaw 2008, p. 219.
- 1 2 Kershaw 2001, p. 635.
- ↑ Kershaw 2008, pp. 23–24, 219.
- 1 2 Nagorski 2012, p. 81.
- 1 2 Kershaw 2008, pp. 22–23, 219.
- 1 2 Joachimsthaler 1999, p. 264.
- ↑ Kershaw 2008, pp. 23–24.
- ↑ Langer 1972, pp. 137–138.
- 1 2 Kershaw 2008, pp. 218–219.
- ↑ Bullock 1999, pp. 393–394.
- ↑ Hanfstaengl 1957, p. 123.
- ↑ Larson 2011, pp. 160–162.
- ↑ Bach 2007, p. 92.
- ↑ Evans 2005, p. 534.
- ↑ Kershaw 2008, p. 315.
- ↑ Evans 2008, p. 535.
- ↑ Evans 2008, pp. 535–536.
- ↑ Shirer 1960, p. 130.
- ↑ Bullock 1999, p. 563.
- 1 2 Speer 1971, p. 138.
- ↑ Kershaw 2001, p. 284.
- ↑ Kershaw 2008, pp. 219, 378, 947.
- ↑ Linge 2009, p. 39.
- ↑ Görtemaker 2011, pp. 168–171.
- ↑ Connolly 2010.
- ↑ Speer 1971, p. 139.
- 1 2 3 Galante & Silianoff 1989, p. 96.
- ↑ Beevor 2002, pp. 342–344, 359.
- ↑ Langer 1943, p. 2.
- ↑ Langer 1972.
- ↑ Langer 1943, p. 196.
- ↑ Langer 1943, p. 138.
- ↑ Murray 1943.
- ↑ Vernon 1942.
- ↑ Rosenbaum 1998, p. 134.
- ↑ Jensen 2002.
- ↑ Mueller 1994.
- ↑ Moser 2005.
- ↑ Porter 1998.
- ↑ Rosenbaum 2001.
- ↑ Kubizek 2011, p. 67.
- ↑ Kershaw 2008, pp. 12–13.
- ↑ Allen 2012.
- ↑ Joachimsthaler 1989, pp. 162–164.
- ↑ Het Laatste Nieuws 2008.
- ↑ Large 1997, p. 191.
- ↑ Rosenbaum 1998, pp. 111–116.
- ↑ TIME 29 June 1959.
- ↑ Hamilton 1984, p. 213.
- ↑ Kershaw 2008, pp. 218–222.
- ↑ Görtemaker 2011, p. 43.
- ↑ Kershaw 2008, pp. 219, 378, 947, 955.
- ↑ Hamilton 1984, p. 194.
- ↑ Bright 2002.
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