Sea state

NOAA ship Delaware II in foul weather on Georges Bank.

In oceanography, a sea state is the general condition of the free surface on a large body of water—with respect to wind waves and swell—at a certain location and moment. A sea state is characterized by statistics, including the wave height, period, and power spectrum. The sea state varies with time, as the wind conditions or swell conditions change. The sea state can either be assessed by an experienced observer, like a trained mariner, or through instruments like weather buoys, wave radar or remote sensing satellites.

In case of buoy measurements, the statistics are determined for a time interval in which the sea state can be considered to be constant. This duration has to be much longer than the individual wave period, but smaller than the period in which the wind and swell conditions vary significantly. Typically, records of one hundred to one thousand wave-periods are used to determine the wave statistics.

The large number of variables involved in creating the sea state cannot be quickly and easily summarized, so simpler scales are used to give an approximate but concise description of conditions for reporting in a ship's log or similar record.

World Meteorological Organization sea state code

Winter, North Atlantic – Water over deck and hatches, storm with huge waves (1958)

The WMO sea state code largely adopts the 'wind sea' definition of the Douglas Sea Scale.

WMO Sea State Code	Wave height	Characteristics
0	0 metres (0 ft)	Calm (glassy)
1	0 to 0.1 metres (0.00 to 0.33 ft)	Calm (rippled)
2	0.1 to 0.5 metres (3.9 in to 1 ft 7.7 in)	Smooth (wavelets)
3	0.5 to 1.25 metres (1 ft 8 in to 4 ft 1 in)	Slight
4	1.25 to 2.5 metres (4 ft 1 in to 8 ft 2 in)	Moderate
5	2.5 to 4 metres (8 ft 2 in to 13 ft 1 in)	Rough
6	4 to 6 metres (13 to 20 ft)	Very rough
7	6 to 9 metres (20 to 30 ft)	High
8	9 to 14 metres (30 to 46 ft)	Very high
9	Over 14 metres (46 ft)	Phenomenal

Character of the sea swell
	0. None
Low	1. Short or average 2. Long
Moderate	3. Short 4. Average 5. Long
Heavy	6. Short 7. Average 8. Long
	9. Confused

The direction from which the swell is coming should be recorded.

Sea states in marine engineering

In engineering applications, sea states are often characterized by the following two parameters:

The significant wave height H_1/3 — the mean wave height of the one third highest waves.
The mean wave period, T₁.

The sea state is in addition to these two parameters (or variation of the two) also described by the wave spectrum $S(\omega ,\Theta )$ which is a function of a wave height spectrum $S(\omega )$ and a wave direction spectrum $f(\Theta )$ . Some wave height spectra are listed below. The dimension of the wave spectrum is $\{S(\omega )\}=\{{{\text{length}}}^{2}\cdot {\text{time}}\}$ , and many interesting properties about the sea state can be found from the spectrum.

The relationship between the spectrum $S(\omega _{j})$ and the wave amplitude $A_{j}$ for a wave component $j$ is:

{\frac {1}{2}}A_{j}^{2}=S(\omega _{j})\,\Delta \omega

ITTC^[1] recommended spectrum model for fully developed sea (ISSC^[2] spectrum/modified Pierson-Moskowitz spectrum):^[3]

{\frac {S(\omega )}{H_{{1/3}}^{2}T_{1}}}={\frac {0.11}{2\pi }}\left({\frac {\omega T_{1}}{2\pi }}\right)^{{-5}}{\mathrm {exp}}\left[-0.44\left({\frac {\omega T_{1}}{2\pi }}\right)^{{-4}}\right]

ITTC recommended spectrum model for limited fetch (JONSWAP spectrum)

S(\omega )=155{\frac {H_{{1/3}}^{2}}{T_{1}^{4}\omega ^{5}}}{\mathrm {exp}}\left({\frac {-944}{T_{1}^{4}\omega ^{4}}}\right)(3.3)^{Y},

where

Y=\exp \left[-\left({\frac {0.191\omega T_{1}-1}{2^{{1/2}}\sigma }}\right)^{2}\right]

and

\sigma ={\begin{cases}0.07&{\text{if }}\omega \leq 5.24/T_{1},\\0.09&{\text{if }}\omega >5.24/T_{1}.\end{cases}}

(The latter model has since its creation improved based on the work of Phillips and Kitaigorodskii to better model the wave height spectrum for high wavenumbers.^[4])

An example function $f(\Theta )$ might be:

f(\Theta )={\frac {2}{\pi }}\cos ^{2}\Theta ,\qquad -\pi /2\leq \Theta \leq \pi /2

Thus the sea state is fully determined and can be recreated by the following function where $\zeta$ is the wave elevation, $\epsilon _{{j}}$ is uniformly distributed between 0 and $2\pi$ , and $\Theta _{j}$ is randomly drawn from the directional distribution function ${\sqrt {f(\Theta )}}:$ ^[5]

\zeta =\sum _{{j=1}}^{N}{\sqrt {2S(\omega _{j})\Delta \omega _{j}}}\;\sin(\omega _{j}t-k_{j}x\cos \Theta _{j}-k_{j}y\sin \Theta _{j}+\epsilon _{{j}}).

In addition to the short term wave statistics presented above, long term sea state statistics are often given as a joint frequency table of the significant wave height and the mean wave period. From the long and short term statistical distributions it is possible to find the extreme values expected in the operating life of a ship. A ship designer can find the most extreme sea states (extreme values of H_1/3 and T₁) from the joint frequency table, and from the wave spectrum the designer can find the most likely highest wave elevation in the most extreme sea states and predict the most likely highest loads on individual parts of the ship from the response amplitude operators of the ship. Surviving the once in 100 years or once in 1000 years sea state is a normal demand for design of ships and offshore structures.

Footnotes

↑ International Towing Tank Conference (ITTC), retrieved 11 November 2010
↑ International Ship and Offshore Structures Congress
↑ Pierson, W. J.; Moscowitz, L. (1964), "A proposed spectral form for fully developed wind seas based on the similarity theory of S A Kitaigorodskii", Journal of Geophysical Research, 69 (24): 5181–5190, Bibcode:1964JGR....69.5181P, doi:10.1029/JZ069i024p05181
↑ Elfouhaily, T.; Chapron, B.; Katsaros, K.; Vandemark, D. (July 15, 1997). "A unified directional spectrum for long and short wind-driven waves" (PDF). Journal of Geophysical Research. 102 (C7): 15781–15796. Bibcode:1997JGR...10215781E. doi:10.1029/97jc00467.
↑ Jefferys, E. R. (1987), "Directional seas should be ergodic", Applied Ocean Research, 9 (4): 186–191, doi:10.1016/0141-1187(87)90001-0

References

Bowditch, Nathaniel (1938), American Practical Navigator, H.O. pub No. 9 (revised ed.), United States Hydrographic Office, OCLC 31033357
Faltinsen, O. M. (1990), Sea Loads on Ships and Offshore Structures, [Cambridge University Press], ISBN 0-521-45870-6

Physical oceanography

Waves	Airy wave theory Ballantine scale Benjamin–Feir instability Boussinesq approximation Breaking wave Clapotis Cnoidal wave Cross sea Dispersion Edge wave Equatorial waves Fetch Gravity wave Green's law Infragravity wave Internal wave Kelvin wave Kinematic wave Longshore drift Luke's variational principle Mild-slope equation Radiation stress Rogue wave Rossby wave Rossby-gravity waves Sea state Seiche Significant wave height Sneaker wave Soliton Stokes boundary layer Stokes drift Stokes wave Swell Trochoidal wave Tsunami megatsunami Undertow Ursell number Wave action Wave base Wave height Wave power Wave radar Wave setup Wave shoaling Wave turbulence Wave–current interaction Waves and shallow water one-dimensional Saint-Venant equations shallow water equations Wind wave model

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Sea state

World Meteorological Organization sea state code

Sea states in marine engineering

See also

Footnotes

References