Scolopendra

Scolopendra
Scolopendra cingulata
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Myriapoda
Class: Chilopoda
Order: Scolopendromorpha
Family: Scolopendridae
Genus: Scolopendra
Linnaeus, 1758
Type species
Scolopendra morsitans [1]
Linnaeus, 1758

Scolopendra (through Latin from Greek σκολόπενδρα, skolopendra) is a genus of centipedes of the family Scolopendridae.

Description

In temperate climates, only relatively small species occur, but species from the tropics may exceed 30 cm (12 in).[2] One southeast Asian species, S. cataracta, is amphibious, and swims and walks underwater.[3][4]

Ecology and venom

They are active predators, taking prey as large as rodents and even bats, but also small insects such as the stingless bee species Tetragonula iridipennis.[5][6] Their bites are very painful, but are rarely fatal in humans.[7] The venom is delivered through the animal's forcipules, which lie just behind the mandibles. The venoms of Scolopendra species contain compounds such as serotonin, haemolytic phospholipase A, a cardiotoxic protein, and a cytolysin.[8]

Taxonomic history

Scolopendra was one of the genera created by Carl Linnaeus in his 1758 10th edition of Systema Naturae, the starting point for zoological nomenclature. Only two of the species originally assigned to the genus remain so: Scolopendra gigantea and S. morsitans; the latter was chosen to be the type species by Opinion 454 of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature,[2] overruling a previous designation by Pierre André Latreille, in which he chose Linnaeus' Scolopendra forficata (now Lithobius forficatus) as the type species.[9]

Species

The genus Scolopendra contains these species:[1]

  • Scolopendra abnormis Lewis & Daszak, 1996
  • Scolopendra afer (Meinert, 1886)
  • Scolopendra algerina Newport, 1845
  • Scolopendra alternans Leach, 1813
  • Scolopendra andhrensis Jangi & Dass, 1984
  • Scolopendra angulata Newport, 1844
  • Scolopendra angusticollis Murray, 1887
  • Scolopendra anomia Newport, 1844
  • Scolopendra appendiculata Daday, 1891
  • Scolopendra arborea Lewis, 1982
  • Scolopendra arenicola (Lawrence, 1975)
  • Scolopendra arthrorhabdoides Ribaut, 1912
  • Scolopendra attemsi Lewis, Minelli & Shelley, 2006
  • Scolopendra aztecorum Verhoeff, 1934
  • Scolopendra calcarata Porat, 1876
  • Scolopendra canidens Newport, 1844
  • Scolopendra cataracta Siriwut, Edgecombe & Panha, 2016 [10]
  • Scolopendra childreni Newport, 1844
  • Scolopendra chlora Chamberlin, 1942
  • Scolopendra chlorotes C. L. Koch, 1856
  • Scolopendra cingulata Latreille, 1829
  • Scolopendra clavipes C. L. Koch, 1847
  • Scolopendra concolor Newport, 1845
  • Scolopendra crassa Templeton, 1846
  • Scolopendra cretica Attems, 1902
  • Scolopendra cribrifera Gervais, 1847
  • Scolopendra crudelis C. L. Koch, 1847
  • Scolopendra dalmatica C. L. Koch, 1847
  • Scolopendra ellorensis Jangi & Dass, 1984
  • Scolopendra fissispina L. Koch, 1865
  • Scolopendra foveolata Verhoeff, 1937
  • Scolopendra galapagoensis Bollman, 1889
  • Scolopendra gigantea Linnaeus, 1758
  • Scolopendra gracillima Attems, 1898
  • Scolopendra hardwickei Newport, 1844
  • Scolopendra hermosa Chamberlin, 1941
  • Scolopendra heros Girard, 1853
  • Scolopendra horrida C. L. Koch, 1847
  • Scolopendra inaequidens Gervais, 1847
  • Scolopendra indiae (Chamberlin, 1914)
  • Scolopendra indica Meinert, 1886
  • Scolopendra inermipes C. L. Koch, 1847
  • Scolopendra inermis Newport, 1845
  • Scolopendra jangii Khanna & Yadav, 1997
  • Scolopendra koreana (Verhoeff, 1934)
  • Scolopendra labiata C. L. Koch, 1863
  • Scolopendra laeta Haase, 1887
  • Scolopendra langi (Chamberlin, 1927)
  • Scolopendra latro Meinert, 1886
  • Scolopendra limicolor Wood, 1861
  • Scolopendra lucasii Gervais, 1847
  • Scolopendra lutea (Attems, 1928)
  • Scolopendra madagascariensis Attems, 1910
  • Scolopendra malkini Chamberlin, 1955
  • Scolopendra mazbii Gravely, 1912
  • Scolopendra media (Muralewicz, 1926)
  • Scolopendra melionii Lucas, 1853
  • Scolopendra metuenda Pocock, 1895
  • Scolopendra michoacana Chamberlin, 1941
  • Scolopendra mima Chamberlin, 1942
  • Scolopendra mirabilis (Porat, 1876)
  • Scolopendra monticola (Lawrence, 1975)
  • Scolopendra morsitans Linnaeus, 1758
  • Scolopendra multidens Newport, 1844
  • Scolopendra negrocapitis Zhang & Wang, 1999
  • Scolopendra nuda (Jangi & Dass, 1980)
  • Scolopendra occidentalis F. Meinert, 1886
  • Scolopendra octodentata Verhoeff, 1934
  • Scolopendra oraniensis Lucas, 1846
  • Scolopendra pachygnatha Pocock, 1895
  • Scolopendra paranuda (Khanna & Tripathi, 1987)
  • Scolopendra pentagramma Motschoulsky, 1886
  • Scolopendra pinguis Pocock, 1891
  • Scolopendra polymorpha Wood, 1861
  • Scolopendra pomacea C. L. Koch, 1847
  • Scolopendra puncticeps Wood, 1861
  • Scolopendra punensis Jangi & Dass, 1984
  • Scolopendra robusta Kraepelin, 1903
  • Scolopendra sanatillae Bollman, 1893
  • Scolopendra silhetensis Newport, 1845
  • Scolopendra spinipriva Bücherl, 1946
  • Scolopendra spinosissima Kraepelin, 1903
  • Scolopendra subspinipes Leach, 1815
  • Scolopendra sumichrasti Saussure, 1860
  • Scolopendra tenuitarsis Pocock, 1895
  • Scolopendra valida Lucas, 1840
  • Scolopendra violacea Fabricius, 1798
  • Scolopendra viridicornis Newport, 1844
  • Scolopendra viridipes Dufour, 1820
  • Scolopendra viridis Say, 1821
  • Scolopendra zuluana (Lawrence, 1958)

References

  1. 1 2 "Scolopendra Linnaeus, 1758". ChiloBase. Università di Padova. Retrieved October 29, 2010.
  2. 1 2 R. M. Shelley & S. B. Kiser (2000). "Neotype designation and a diagnostic account for the centipede, Scolopendra gigantea L. 1758, with an account of S. galapagoensis Bollman 1889 (Chilopoda Scolopendromorpha Scolopendridae)" (PDF). Tropical Zoology. 13 (1): 159–170.
  3. ↑ Holmes, O. (1 July 2016). "Giant swimming, venomous centipede discovered by accident in world-first". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 July 2016.
  4. ↑ Bates, M. (26 June 2016). "'Horrific' First Amphibious Centipede Discovered". National Geographic. Retrieved 1 July 2016.
  5. ↑ Vijayakumar, K. (2012). "Predation of stingless bees (Trigona iridipennis: Apidae, Meliponinae) by centipede (Scolopendra hardiwicki: Chilopoda: Scolopendramorpha)". International Journal of Advanced Life Sciences.
  6. ↑ J. Molinari, E. E. Gutiérrez, A. A. de Ascenção, J. M. Nassar, A. Arends & R. J. Márquez (2005). "Predation by giant centipedes, Scolopendra gigantea, on three species of bats in a Venezuelan cave" (PDF). Caribbean Journal of Science. 41 (2): 340–346.
  7. ↑ S. P. Bush, B. O. King, R. L. Norris & S. A. Stockwell (2001). "Centipede envenomation". Wilderness & Environmental Medicine. 12 (2): 93–99. doi:10.1580/1080-6032(2001)012[0093:CE]2.0.CO;2. PMID 11434497.
  8. ↑ Robert L. Norris (November 19, 2008). "Centipede Envenomation". eMedicine. Retrieved October 29, 2010.
  9. ↑ Ralph E. Crabill, Jr. (1955). "Proposed use of the plenary powers to designate for the genus "Scolopendra" Linnaeus (Class Myriapoda) a type species in harmony with the accustomed usage". Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. 11 (4): 134–136.
  10. ↑ Siriwut, W.; Edgecombe, G. D.; Sutcharit, C.; Tongkerd, P.; Panha, S. (2016). "A taxonomic review of the centipede genus Scolopendra Linnaeus, 1758 (Scolopendromorpha, Scolopendridae) in mainland Southeast Asia, with description of a new species from Laos". ZooKeys. 590: 1–124. doi:10.3897/zookeys.590.7950.

See also

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