São Paulo–Guarulhos International Airport

São Paulo/Guarulhos–Governador André Franco Montoro International Airport
Aeroporto Internacional de São Paulo/Guarulhos–Governador André Franco Montoro
IATA: GRU – ICAO: SBGR
Summary
Airport type Public/Military
Operator Invepar-ACSA
Serves São Paulo
Location Guarulhos, Brazil
Opened 1985
Hub for
Focus city for
Elevation AMSL 750 m / 2,459 ft
Coordinates 23°26′8″S 46°28′23″W / 23.43556°S 46.47306°W / -23.43556; -46.47306Coordinates: 23°26′8″S 46°28′23″W / 23.43556°S 46.47306°W / -23.43556; -46.47306
Website www.gru.com.br
Map
GRU

Location in São Paulo State

Runways
Direction Length Surface
m ft
09R/27L 3,000 9,843 Asphalt
09L/27R 3,700 12,139 Asphalt
Statistics (2015)
Passengers 38,985,000[1]
Aircraft operations 295,030[1]
Metric tonnes of cargo (2014) 339,828[1]
Economic & social impact $3.4 billion & 154.1 thousand[2]

São Paulo/Guarulhos–Governador André Franco Montoro International Airport (IATA: GRU, ICAO: SBGR), popularly known locally as Cumbica Airport after the district where it is located and the Brazilian Air Force base that still exists at the airport complex, is the main international airport serving São Paulo, Brazil. It is located in the municipality of Guarulhos in Greater São Paulo. Since November 28, 2001 the airport has been named after André Franco Montoro (1916–1999), former Governor of São Paulo state.[6] The airport was rebranded as GRU Airport in 2012.[7]

In Brazil the airport was ranked first in terms of transported passengers, aircraft operations, and cargo handled in 2012, placing it as the busiest airport in Latin America by passenger traffic (38,985,000 in 2015).[1] Guarulhos has slot restrictions, operating with a maximum of 45 operations/hour[8] and being one of the five airports with such restrictions in Brazil (the others are São Paulo-Congonhas, Brasília, Belo Horizonte-Pampulha and Rio de Janeiro-Santos Dumont).[9]

Since 2012, the airport has been operated by a consortium composed of Invepar S/A, Airports Company South Africa, and Infraero.[10] Some of its facilities are shared with the São Paulo Air Force Base of the Brazilian Air Force.

History

On June 6, 1967, in response to the growth of the air traffic in Brazil, the Brazilian military government initiated studies concerning the renovation of the airport infrastructure in Brazil. As part of the conclusions of these studies, because of their location, strategic importance, and security issues, new passenger facilities would be constructed in the areas of Galeão Air Force Base in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo Air Force Base in São Paulo.

In relation to São Paulo, the initial planning of the airport involved three runways and four passenger terminals. However, the first phase of the construction comprising two runways and two terminals started only on August 11, 1980. The airport was officially inaugurated on January 20, 1985. Quickly Guarulhos became the city's primary airport, supplanting São Paulo–Congonhas Airport.

In 1989 the runways were extended and the terminals renovated, enlarged, and had their capacity increased from 7.5 million to 8.25 million passengers/year. The whole complex covered 13.86 square kilometres (3,425 acres), of which 5 square kilometres (1,200 acres) is urbanized area.

Construction of Terminal 3, capable of handling 12 million passengers per year, had been planned since 2001 but due to a myriad of political and economic problems, the actual construction didn't begin until 2011.

In 2010, the airport served more than 26.8 million passengers, an increase of 24% over 2009 and passenger volumes were 31% in excess of its capacity rated at 20.5 million per year at its present configuration.[3]

In order to relieve the acute overcrowding at Terminals 1 and 2, Infraero announced on May 17, 2011 that the former cargo terminals of defunct airlines VASP and Transbrasil, later used by Federal Agencies, would undergo renovations and adaptations for use as domestic passenger terminals with remote boarding. This new terminal was initially called Terminal 4 (T4).[11] The first phase of the renovations, comprising the former VASP terminal, opened on February 8, 2012,[12][13] and the second phase, comprising the former Transbrasil terminal,was opened in June 2013. Contrary to what had been announced before, the new terminal will be permanent. Webjet was the first airline to use the new facility.[14] The new terminal, in its first phase, increased the capacity of the airport in 5.5 million passengers/year and, in the second phase to 8 million passengers/year. In total, Guarulhos would then be able to handle 28.5 million passengers/year.[15]

Following a decision made on April 26, 2011 by the Federal Government for private companies being granted concessions to explore some Infraero airports,[16] on February 6, 2012, the administration of the airport was conceded, for 20 years, to the Consortium Invepar-ACSA composed by the Brazilian Invepar, an Investments and Funds Society (90%) and the South African ACSA – Airports Company South Africa (10%).[17] Infraero, the state-run organization, will remain with 49% of the shares of the company incorporated for the administration.[18][19]

On 2 December 2015, the airport's terminals were renumbered. Former Terminal 4 was renumbered Terminal 1; former terminals 1 and 2, which were wings of a single building, became the new Terminal 2. Terminal 3 kept its numbering. The new numbering reflects the order by which terminals are reached when one arrives at the airport by the access road, and is expected to be less confusing in the long term. Check-in counters and gates were also renumbered, with the first digit being now the new terminal number.[20]

Facilities

Airport Diagram
Control tower.

Runways and taxiways

GRU has two parallel runways. Runway 09R/27L is 3,000 metres (9,843 ft) long and 45 metres (148 ft) wide, while Runway 09L/27R is 3,700 metres (12,140 ft) long and 45 metres (148 ft) wide.[21] The field elevation at the airport is 750 metres (2,459 ft) above mean sea level.[22] There are high-speed exit taxiways on both runways that allow for traffic to depart the runway at higher speed to allow better efficiency for landing and takeoff traffic. Right now, there is an average of 650 takeoff and landing operations per day at the airport.[4]

On 28 October 2015, the National Civil Aviation Agency of Brazil (Anac) authorized Airbus A380 operations at Guarulhos Airport, effective four days later. The authorization was granted after extensive works were conducted on the taxiways and special taxiing procedures were established.[23] As of July 2016, there are still no regular A380 flights at São Paulo-Guarulhos, but on 14 November 2015 Emirates operated a one-time special flight with the "superjumbo" on its Dubai-São Paulo route to commemorate its eight years of operations in Brazil.[24]

Terminals

The airport has three passenger terminals, numbered 1, 2, and 3, according to their order along the airport access road when arriving from the city.

Terminals 2 and 3 are directly linked by a walkway.[20]

The airport also has a large air cargo terminal with a built area of 97,000 square metres (1,040,000 sq ft) and capable of handling any type of cargo, including refrigerated and hazardous shipments.[25]

There are two navigational aids that GRU traffic uses. The Bonsucesso very high frequency omnidirectional range with distance measuring equipment (VOR-DME) is located 9.1 kilometres; 5.6 miles (4.9 nmi) to the east of GRU.[21]

Future developments

Interior of Terminal 3

Infraero unveiled a R$ 1,489.5 million (US$784.7 USD million; €549.8 EUR million) investment plan to upgrade Guarulhos International Airport, focusing on preparations for the 2014 FIFA World Cup and the Summer Olympics in 2016. The investment was supposed to be used as follows:[26]

Central to this investment plan is Terminal 3, which is projected to add 12 million passenger capacity to the 17 million of the existing two terminals. Plans for a third runway were decided to be "technically impracticable" and were cancelled in January 2008.

However, the former concessionary, Infraero, experienced many legal and bureaucratic difficulties, which prevented most (if any) of these improvements from being completed on schedule. As of April 2013, the new concessionary unveiled a new expansion project, which included the new Terminal 3 (with a different design than the one proposed by Infraero), the widening of the main runway in order to enable operations by the new Airbus A380 and Boeing 747-8, and several other improvements in the existing terminals and parking area.

The terminal is now officially open and all Star Alliance airlines are in terminal 3, as well as many other overseas carriers. International flights by LATAM also use the facitity.

A train service development and construction has also been planned. This includes an Airport Express Line linking the airport to downtown São Paulo and a Rio–São Paulo high-speed rail connecting Guarulhos to Rio de Janeiro-Galeão and Campinas-Viracopos airports.[27] As of 2016, however, both projects are stalled; the suburban rail service to the city (to be operated by CPTM, the São Paulo state commuter railway company) is scheduled to start operations in 2019, with a BRL 101 million budget overrun.[28]

Airlines and destinations

Passenger

AirlinesDestinationsTerminal/Wing
Aerolíneas Argentinas Buenos Aires–Aeroparque, Buenos Aires–Ezeiza 2
Aerolíneas Argentinas
operated by Austral Líneas Aéreas 		Buenos Aires–Aeroparque 2
Aeroméxico Mexico City 2
Air Canada Toronto–Pearson 3
Air China Beijing–Capital, Madrid 3
Air Europa Madrid 2
Air France Paris–Charles de Gaulle 3
Alitalia Rome–Fiumicino 3
American Airlines Dallas/Fort Worth, Los Angeles, Miami, New York–JFK 3
Avianca Brazil Aracaju, Brasília, Campo Grande, Chapecó, Cuiabá, Curitiba, Florianópolis, Fortaleza, Goiânia, Juazeiro do Norte, Natal, Passo Fundo, Petrolina, Porto Alegre, Recife, Rio de Janeiro–Galeão, Salvador da Bahia 2
Avianca Bogotá 2
Avianca Perú Lima 2
Azul Brazilian Airlines Belém, Belo Horizonte–Confins, Belo Horizonte–Pampulha, Brasília, Cascavel, Cuiabá, Curitiba, Ilhéus, Juiz de Fora, Fortaleza, Londrina, Manaus, Maringá, Porto Alegre, Porto Velho, Recife, Ribeirão Preto, Rio Branco, Rio de Janeiro–Santos Dumont, Salvador da Bahia, Uberlândia, Vitória 1
Boliviana de Aviación Cochabamba, Santa Cruz de la Sierra–Viru Viru 2
British Airways London–Heathrow 3
Copa Airlines Panama City–Tocumen 2
Delta Air Lines Atlanta, Detroit, New York–JFK, Orlando–International 2
Emirates Dubai–International 3
Ethiopian Airlines Addis Ababa, Lomé 2
Etihad Airways Abu Dhabi (ends 26 March 2017)[29] 3
Gol Transportes Aéreos Aracaju, Belém, Belo Horizonte–Confins, Brasília, Campo Grande, Caxias do Sul, Chapecó, Cuiabá, Curitiba, Florianópolis, Fortaleza, Foz do Iguaçu, Goiânia, Ilhéus, João Pessoa, Juazeiro do Norte, Londrina, Macapá, Maceió, Manaus, Maringá, Montes Claros, Natal, Navegantes, Petrolina, Porto Alegre, Porto Seguro, Porto Velho, Recife, Ribeirão Preto, Rio Branco, Rio de Janeiro–Galeão, Rio de Janeiro–Santos Dumont, Salvador da Bahia, São Luís, Teresina, Vitória 2
Gol Transportes Aéreos Aruba, Asunción, Buenos Aires–Aeroparque, Buenos Aires–Ezeiza, Cordoba, Mendoza, Montevideo, Punta Cana, Santiago de Chile, Santa Cruz de la Sierra–Viru Viru
Seasonal: Punta del Este 		2
Iberia Madrid 3
KLM Amsterdam 3
LATAM Argentina Buenos Aires–Aeroparque, Buenos Aires–Ezeiza 3
LATAM Brasil Aracaju, Belém, Belo Horizonte–Confins, Brasília, Campo Grande, Cuiabá, Curitiba, Florianópolis, Fortaleza, Foz do Iguaçu, Goiânia, Ilhéus, João Pessoa, Joinville, Londrina, Maceió, Manaus, Natal, Navegantes, Porto Alegre, Porto Seguro, Recife, Ribeirão Preto, Rio Branco, Rio de Janeiro–Galeão, Salvador da Bahia, São José do Rio Preto, São Luís, Vitória 2
LATAM Brasil Barcelona, Buenos Aires–Aeroparque, Buenos Aires–Ezeiza, Bogotá, Córdoba, Frankfurt, Johannesburg–O. R. Tambo, Lima, London–Heathrow, Madrid, Mexico City, Miami, Milan-Malpensa, Montevideo, New York–JFK, Orlando–MCO, Paris–Charles de Gaulle, Punta del Este, Rosario, Santiago de Chile 3
LATAM Chile Santiago de Chile 3
LATAM Paraguay Asunción, Buenos Aires–Ezeiza, Ciudad del Este 3
LATAM Perú Lima 3
Lufthansa Frankfurt 3
Passaredo Linhas Aéreas Cascavel, Ribeirão Preto, Vitória da Conquista 1
Qatar Airways Buenos Aires–Ezeiza, Doha 3
Royal Air Maroc Casablanca 2
South African Airways Johannesburg–O. R. Tambo 3
Swiss International Air Lines Zürich 3
TAAG Angola Airlines Luanda 2
TAP Portugal Lisbon, Porto 3
Turkish Airlines Buenos Aires–Ezeiza, Istanbul–Atatürk 3
United Airlines Chicago–O'Hare, Houston–Intercontinental, Newark, Washington–Dulles 3

Cargo

AirlinesDestinations
Avianca Brasil Cargo Manaus
LATAM Cargo Brasil Belém–Val de Cans, Brasília, Fortaleza, Manaus, Recife
Rio Linhas Aéreas Brasília, Cuiabá, Manaus, Recife, Rio de Janeiro–Galeão, Salvador da Bahia
Total Linhas Aéreas Belo Horizonte–Confins, Curitiba–Afonso Pena, Florianópolis, Fortaleza, Porto Alegre, Salvador da Bahia

Statistics

Passenger figures

External view of Terminal 3.
Guarulhos Airport at dawn.
An Avianca A318 and an Iberia A346 taxiing at Guarulhos Airport.
A Lufthansa Boeing 747-8
Year 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004
Passengers 38,985,000 39,573,000 36,460,923 32,177,594 29,964,108 26,849,185 21,727,649 20,997,813 19,560,963 16,580,842 16,855,026 12,940,193
Cargo (t) 339,828 343,784 448,274 465,255 384,587 351,788 425,884 424,157 419,848 470,944 435,594

Busiest routes

Busiest international routes by seat capacity (2013)[30]
Ranking City Seats Companies serving the route
1 Argentina Buenos Aires 2,398,905 Aerolíneas Argentinas, Austral Líneas Aéreas, Gol Transportes Aéreos, LAN Argentina, Qatar Airways, LATAM, Turkish Airlines
2 United States Miami 1,207,985 American Airlines, Gol Transportes Aéreos, LATAM
3 United States New York/Newark 1,038,618 American Airlines, Delta Air Lines, LATAM, United Airlines
4 Chile Santiago 996,494 Gol Transportes Aéreos, LATAM
5 France Paris 592,504 Air France, LATAM
6 Spain Madrid 579,912 Air China, Air Europa, Iberia, LATAM
7 Peru Lima 539,130 LAN Perú, Gol Transportes Aéreos, LATAM
8 Germany Frankfurt 503,538 Lufthansa, LATAM
9 United Kingdom London 502,288 British Airways, LATAM
10 Uruguay Montevideo 497,444 Gol Transportes Aéreos, LATAM
11 Panama Panama City 452,600 Copa Airlines
12 Colombia Bogota 415,474 Avianca, LATAM
13 Mexico Mexico City 385,690 Aeroméxico, LATAM
14 Portugal Lisbon 369,659 TAP Portugal
15 Paraguay Asuncion 353,576 LATAM
16 United States Orlando 316,672 Gol Transportes Aéreos, LATAM
Busiest intercontinental routes at São Paulo Guarulhos International Airport (2014) - ANAC[31]
Rank City Passengers
1 Spain Madrid 620,285
2 France Paris 569,928
3 Germany Frankfurt 449,666
4 United Kingdom London 435,757
5 United Arab Emirates Dubai 398,425
6 Netherlands Amsterdam 247,327
7 Portugal Lisbon 204,209
8 Italy Rome 203,784
9 United Arab Emirates Abu Dhabi 202,503
10 Germany Munich 170,608
11 Switzerland Zurich 159,368
12 Qatar Doha 145,433
13 South Africa Johannesburg 132,822
14 Italy Milan 139,396
15 Turkey Istanbul 114,095
16 Angola Luanda 69,088
17 Spain Barcelona 55,999
18 Portugal Porto 48,207
19 Ethiopia Addis Ababa 28,901
20 South Korea Seoul 23,626
21 Morocco Casablanca 21,342
22 China Beijing 17,408
23 Singapore Singapore 11,992
24 Togo Lomé 6,409

Accidents and incidents

Access

The airport is located 25 km (16 mi) from downtown São Paulo.

Car

The airport has its own highway system: Rodovia Hélio Smidt Highway which connects the airport to Presidente Dutra Highway or Ayrton Senna Highway. Residents of Guarulhos can access the road via Monteiro Lobato Avenue. Taxi stands are located outside each of the two terminals on the Arrivals level; inside there are car rental agency representatives.

Bus

Bus transportation is available through the Airport Bus Service, an executive bus line, administered by EMTU and operated by Consórcio Internorte - Área 3. This service provides transportation connecting Guarulhos to Congonhas airport; to Tietê Bus Terminal; to Palmeiras-Barra Funda Intermodal Terminal, to Faria Lima Ave; To Republica Square (Praça da República); To Berrini Ave., Itaim Bibi district; and to the circuit of hotels along Paulista Avenue and Rua Augusta. The ride takes about one hour, depending on traffic.[35] At the airport, tickets can be purchased at the counter located outside the lounge of the Terminal 1, Wing B's arrivals level.

Pássaro Marron/EMTU, a syndicate of the Internorte Consortium, offers two regular bus lines, 257 and 299, connecting Tatuapé subway station (Linha Vermelha) with Guarulhos Airport every 30 minutes. At Tatuapé, both buses can be picked up on the street level. At the airport, the stop for both buses is on the median of the Arrivals-level road connecting Terminals 1 and 2.

Gol Airlines and LATAM offer for their passengers free bus transfers between Guarulhos and Congonhas airports at regular times.[36][37]

Viação Cometa offers daily departures to and from the airport and the cities of Santos, Sorocaba, São Vicente, and Praia Grande.[38] Lirabus operates daily buses between the airport and Campinas. Pássaro Marron offers bus services to São José dos Campos with departures every two hours. Viação Transdutra connects the airport with the city of Arujá.

Rail

Currently, there is no rail access to Guarulhos. Line 13 of the São Paulo's suburban rail system, operated by CPTM, is under construction and was expected to begin operating in 2015,[39] but as of 2016 the start of operations has been postponed to 2019.[28]

Trivia

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 http://www.gru.com.br/Content/Media/f8d266ad-5225-4698-bbef-1b4dae5abf6d.pdf
  2. ↑ "São Paulo–Guarulhos International airport - Economic and social impact". Ecquants. Retrieved September 7, 2013.
  3. 1 2 "Movimento operacional da rede Infraero de janeiro a dezembro de 2012" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Infraero. January 14, 2013. Retrieved January 16, 2013.
  4. 1 2 "Sao Paulo/Guarulhos International Airport". Infraero. Retrieved April 29, 2014.
  5. ↑ "Lista de aeródromos públicos" (in Portuguese). ANAC.
  6. ↑ "Lei n˚10.314, de 28 de novembro de 2001" (in Portuguese). Lei Direto. November 28, 2001. Retrieved August 8, 2011.
  7. ↑ Dores, Kelly (November 27, 2012). "Aeroporto de Guarulhos adota nova identidade: GRU Airport". propmark (in Portuguese). Editora Referência. Retrieved April 29, 2014.
  8. ↑ Komatsu, Alberto (16 March 2010). "ANAC vai por limite de pouso e decolagem em mais seis aeroportos" (in Portuguese). Valor Online. Retrieved March 19, 2010.
  9. ↑ "Anac restringe pousos e decolagens". Revista em Discussão (in Portuguese). Senado Federal (Brazilian Federal Senate). November 2010. Retrieved 2013-09-18.
  10. ↑ "Invepar Website.". Retrieved November 17, 2013.
  11. ↑ Salomon, Marta (May 18, 2011). "Galpão vira terminal em Guarulhos" (in Portuguese). O Estado de S. Paulo. Retrieved May 20, 2011.
  12. ↑ Borges, André (December 16, 2012). "Terminal de Guarulhos fica pronto só em 2012" (in Portuguese). Valor Econômico. Retrieved December 17, 2012.
  13. ↑ "Novo terminal de Cumbica fica só para janeiro" (in Portuguese). Veja. December 18, 2011. Retrieved December 23, 2011.
  14. ↑ "Webjet passa a utilizar o terminal 4 de Cumbica no dia 8" (in Portuguese). O Estado de S. Paulo. February 2, 2012. Retrieved February 4, 2012.
  15. ↑ Costa, Nataly (December 1, 2011). "Cumbica inaugura no dia 20 mais um terminal, a 2 quilômetros dos atuais" (in Portuguese). O Estado de S. Paulo. Retrieved December 1, 2011.
  16. ↑ Bitencourt, Rafael (April 26, 2011). "Governo define concessão de obras em 3 aeroportos, diz Palocci" (in Portuguese). Valor Online. Retrieved May 16, 2011.
  17. ↑ Rittner, Daniel (February 7, 2012). "Cumbica, Viracopos e Brasília são privatizados" (in Portuguese). Valor Econômico. Retrieved March 22, 2012.
  18. ↑ Salomon, Marta; Monteiro, Tânia (June 1, 2011). "Governo pretende privatizar três aeroportos e abrir o capital da Infraero" (in Portuguese). O Estado de S. Paulo: Economia. Retrieved March 22, 2012.
  19. ↑ "Brazil moves swiftly (at last) to award airport concessions". Centre for Aviation. February 9, 2014. Archived from the original on March 15, 2014.
  20. 1 2 Gallo, Ricardo (2015-11-12). "Aeroporto de Guarulhos troca número de portões e terminais" [Guarulhos Airport changes gate and terminal numbers]. Folha de S. Paulo (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2016-04-06.
  21. 1 2 "World Aero Data: GUARULHOS GOV ANDRE FRANCO MONTOURO [sic] -- SBGR". Retrieved June 4, 2015.
  22. ↑ "GRU - São Paulo [Guarulhos Intl], SP, BR - Airport - Great Circle Mapper". Retrieved June 4, 2015.
  23. 1 2 "GRU Airport obtém autorização para operar o A380" [GRU Airport obtains authorization to operate the A380] (in Portuguese). GRU Airport. October 2015. Retrieved 2016-07-13.
  24. ↑ "Emirates to Operate One-off A380 Flight to Sao Paulo". Emirates Airline. 2015-10-27. Retrieved 2016-07-13.
  25. ↑ "GRU Airport Cargo". GRU Airport. Retrieved 2016-07-13.
  26. ↑ Rittner, Daniel; Braga, Paulo Victor (31 August 2009). "Infraero vai gastar R$5 bi em reforma de aeroportos". Valor Econômico (in Portuguese). pp. A4. Retrieved November 2, 2016.
  27. ↑ "Trem de alta velocidade" (in Portuguese). Ministério dos Transportes. Retrieved August 7, 2011.
  28. 1 2 "Trem que liga São Paulo ao Aeroporto de Cumbica será entregue em 2019" [Train linking São Paulo to Cumbica Airport will be ready in 2019]. Aeroportoguarulhos.net (in Portuguese). 2016-03-16. Retrieved 2016-04-06.
  29. ↑ "Etihad Airways closes Sao Paulo reservations from late March 2017". Airlineroute. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
  30. ↑ http://www.alta.aero/aura/content/publication/Capacity%20Analysis%202014%20sent.pdf
  31. ↑ "Dados e estatísticas". Retrieved 27 November 2015.
  32. ↑ "Accident description PP-SME". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved August 6, 2011.
  33. ↑ "Accident description PT-TCS". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved July 14, 2011.
  34. ↑ "Accident description PT-MTS". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved July 23, 2011.
  35. ↑ "Airport Bus Service" (in Portuguese). EMTU. Retrieved 1 December 2011.
  36. ↑ "Transporte para aeroportos" (in Portuguese). Gol Airlines. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  37. ↑ "Traslados Nacionais". TAM Airlines. Retrieved March 27, 2011.
  38. ↑ Caprioli Turismo (Portuguese)
  39. ↑ "SP: trem para Cumbica deve começar a operar em 2015, diz CPTM" [São Paulo: train to Cumbica shall start operations in 2015, CPTM says]. terra.com.br (in Portuguese). September 23, 2013. Retrieved December 5, 2013.
  40. ↑ "View of São Paulo-Guarulhos airport centered on the Tropic of Capricorn". Google Maps. Retrieved 6 April 2016.

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