Royal Arsenal Railway

The Royal Arsenal Railway was a private military railway. It ran inside the Royal Arsenal, Woolwich, southeast London.

The earliest parts of this railway system proper were constructed to standard gauge from 1859 onwards as a to replace an ad hoc arrangement of individual plateways.^[1][2] Laying of plateways had started in 1824 and was completed by 1854-5; they then came under the control of the Corps of Royal Engineers.^[2] From 1871 onwards some of the track was constructed as 18 in (457 mm) gauge and it comprised some 50 to 60 miles (80 to 97 km) of track.^[1][3] It ran in some form from 1871 until much of it was abandoned between 1919 and 1933 and various locomotives were advertised for sale during 1919-22 and in 1933.^[1][3] Some of the dual gauge track was removed at the same time.^[1][3] However five new narrow gauge locomotives were bought in World War II, between 1934 and 1941; and a final one from Hunslet Engine Company in 1954.^[1][3] The remaining narrow gauge lines finally closed in 1966.^[4]

Parts of the 18 in gauge track were built as dual gauge track, with the outer rails gauged to standard gauge; other parts of the site were only served by standard gauge track.^[1][3][4] Some 120 miles (190 km) of mixed or purely standard gauge track existed by 1918.^[1][3][4] There is also evidence that lines with 1 ft 11 ¹⁄₂ in (597 mm) narrow gauge track existed at the site.

The 18 in gauge railway

History and use

Due to the needs of moving ammunition during the Crimean War and the development of steam locomotion, the construction of an 18 in (457 mm) gauge railway was approved in 1866.^[2] It was based on the Crewe Works Railway operating since 1862 inside the London and North Western Railway's Crewe Works.^[2][4]

Construction of the Royal Arsenal's 18 in gauge railway began in 1871^[3] although it was not officially opened until 10 January 1873.^[1] The 18 in gauge railway provided for the movement of both goods and passengers within the Royal Arsenal.^[2] This 18 in system, along with a similar one operated by the Admiralty at Chatham Dockyard were important proving grounds for the 'mainstream' outside framed narrow gauge steam locomotive as exemplified in particular by the pioneering '6-inch by 8-inch' Manning Wardle 0-4-0ST locomotives used at both sites.^[3] During the 1870s and 1880s further 18-inch (457 mm)gauge steam locomotives arrived at Woolwich from Vulcan Foundry and Hudswell Clarke whilst experiments were carried out under the direction of Lt. Col. F.E. Beaumont into the development of compressed air motive power for rail usage on both main gauges of the Arsenal's railway system.^[3] The system's passenger service for workmen also probably began during the 1880s initially using simple 'knifeboard' carriages inspired by vehicles used in Chatham dockyard and by the Royal Engineers. The 1890s saw further steam locomotives added, mainly of the 0-4-2T configuration built for the abortive Suakin-Berber campaign, whilst internal combustion motive power made its appearance in the form of the first of five oil locomotives by Richard Hornsby. The period from 1900 to 1916 saw the 18 inch gauge system in particular rise to its zenith to become the most extensive locomotive-worked narrow gauge railway on the British mainland, but the glory was not destined to far outlast the 1918 Armistice and its subsequent decline is dealt with in the section above.

18 inch gauge locomotives built for use at the Arsenal

18 inch gauge locomotives built for the Royal Engineers and later acquired by the Arsenal

Locomotive data from various sources

Rolling stock

By the 1890s, the goods rolling stock on the narrow gauge part of the RAR consisted mainly of (1) a four-wheeled wagon utilising a standard wooden underframe with a cast iron double bearing assembly attached under each side to accommodate the wheelsets; and (2) a channel framed bogie wagon with cast iron bogie frames. There were at least three designs of bogie carriage in use at this time, namely the original 'knifeboard' open pattern, a closed 1st/2nd class composite with diagonal body planking and a 'curly roofed' suprintendent saloon. There were also a number of Bagnall and Fowler bogie wagons left over from the abortive Suakin-Berber campaign. By World War One, the closed seven plank bogie wagon using the type (2) chassis above was the most ubiquitous item of rolling stock and a small number of these even remained on site after the closure of the railway system. There were also seven narrow gauge passenger coaches supplied by Bristol Carriage & Wagon Co. in 1917 but these, along with all other narrow gauge passenger stock, are thought to have been disposed of in 1923.

explosives wagon of the Royal Arsenal Railway

• A former explosive wagon, previously on display at North Woolwich Old Station Museum,^[2] is now back on the Royal Arsenal site near the Heritage Centre, standing on some ex Chatham cast track plates.

The standard gauge railway

This railway was initially linked into the national railway system, to the South Eastern Railway, near Plumstead railway station.^[1][3] According to local press reports, the link was opened in 1859 and this would appear to be the date that the early plateways were replaced by more conventional permanent way. Early internal motive power appears to have been by means of horses, whilst during the period from 1871 to 1875, the 18 inch gauge locomotive Lord Raglan appears to have undertaken some standard gauge stock movements by means of special bufferbeams (later removed) and mixed gauge track.^[3] The first standard gauge locomotive, Manning Wardle 0-4-0ST Driver, arrived on the Arsenal's railway system in 1875 and for the next thirteen years exclusive reliance was placed on the Leeds company's four coupled products for day-to-day working (even two out of the three experimental compressed air locomotives tested on the standard gauge line during 1880-1 were officially Manning Wardle products) until a Hawthorn Leslie incursion into the market in 1888. From this period up to 1917 the standard gauge locomotive fleet was augmented steady by second-hand acquisitions and new machines from various sources. Rolling stock by World War One consisted of such diverse items as standard goods wagons, rail ambulances and proof sleds and gun wagons requiring special heavy gauge running rails. The surviving pre-1903 standard gauge locomotives in 1919 were quickly disposed of bar one 'hulk' but overall the inter-war rationalisation was less severe than was the case with the 18 inch gauge and the passenger service was even transferred to the standard gauge in 1923. Despite the transfer of much material away from the Arsenal in the early stages of World War Two, there was a revival of fortunes during this period, with the acquisition of more steam and diesel locomotives taking place during the period from 1936 to 1940. During the post Suez rundown, withdrawals of the steam fleet came thick and fast and there were even a few diesel replacements drafted in during the late 1950s from other Ordnance sites, but this did not delay the inevitable and the standard gauge system closed when munitions manufacture at Woolwich ceased in 1967.

Standard gauge locomotives built for use at the Arsenal

Standard gauge locomotives intended for the abortive Suakin Campaign of 1885

Standard gauge locomotives transferred from other military or ordnance establishments

Standard gauge locomotives purchased from private sources

Standard gauge locomotives hired from main line companies during World War One

Experimental standard gauge compressed air locomotives tested within the Arsenal

Miscellaneous 1 ft 11 ¹⁄₂ in (597 mm) gauge railway activity in the Arsenal

According to MED records two 1 ft 11 ¹⁄₂ in narrow gauge locomotives were obtained for 'special work in the Marsh area'. Their known details are as below:

During World War Two, two Diesel locomotives of the same gauge were obtained, although the reason for their purchase is unknown:

See also

• British industrial narrow gauge railways
• British narrow gauge railways
• Decauville
• Minimum gauge railway
• Royal Arsenal

References

Coordinates: 51°29′35″N 0°04′27″E / 51.4931°N 0.0743°E / 51.4931; 0.0743