Rhodobacter sphaeroides

Rhodobacter sphaeroides
Scientific classification
Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: Proteobacteria
Class: Alphaproteobacteria
Order: Rhodobacterales
Family: Rhodobacteraceae
Genus: Rhodobacter
Species: R. sphaeroides
Binomial name
Rhodobacter sphaeroides
(van Niel, 1944) Imhoff et al., 1984

Rhodobacter sphaeroides is a kind of purple bacteria; a group of bacteria that can obtain energy through photosynthesis. Its best growth conditions are anaerobic phototrophy (photoheterotrophic and photoautotrophic) and aerobic chemoheterotrophy in the absence of light.[1] R. sphaeroides is also able to fix nitrogen.[2] It is remarkably metabolically diverse, as it is able to grow heterotrophically via fermentation and aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

Rhodobacter sphaeroides has been isolated from deep lakes and stagnate waters.[2]

Rhodobacter sphaeroides is one of the most pivotal organisms in the study of bacterial photosynthesis. It requires no unusual conditions for growth and is incredibly efficient. The regulation of its photosynthetic machinery is of great interest to researchers, as R. sphaeroides has an intricate system for sensing O2 tensions.[3] Also, when exposed to a reduction in the partial pressure of oxygen, R. sphaeroides develops invaginations in its cellular membrane. The photosynthetic apparatus is housed in these invaginations.[3] These invaginations are also known as chromatophores.

The genome of R. sphaeroides is also somewhat intriguing. It has two chromosomes, one of 3 Mb (CI) and one of 900 Kb (CII), and five naturally occurring plasmids. Many genes are duplicated between the two chromosomes but appear to be differentially regulated. Moreover, many of the open reading frames (ORFs) on CII seem to code for proteins of unknown function. When genes of unknown function on CII are disrupted, many types of auxotrophy result, emphasizing that the CII is not merely a truncated version of CI.[4]

Bacterial small RNAs have been identified as components of many regulatory networks. Twenty sRNAs were experimentally identified in Rhodobacter spheroids, and the abundant ones were shown to be affected by singlet oxygen (1O2) exposure.[5] 1O2 which generates photooxidative stress, is made by bacteriochlorophyll upon exposure to oxygen and light. One of the 1O2 induced sRNAs SorY (1O2 resistance RNA Y) was shown to be induced under several stress conditions and conferred resistance against 1O2 by affecting a metabolite transporter.[6]

Accepted name

Synonyms

References

  1. ↑ Mackenzie C, Eraso JM, Choudhary M, Roh JH, Zeng X, Bruscella P, et al. (2007). "Postgenomic adventures with Rhodobacter sphaeroides.". Annu Rev Microbiol. 61: 283–307. doi:10.1146/annurev.micro.61.080706.093402. PMID 17506668.
  2. 1 2 De Universiteit van Texas over Rhodobacter sphaeroides
  3. 1 2 Oh, JI.; Kaplan, S. (Mar 2001). "Generalized approach to the regulation and integration of gene expression.". Mol Microbiol. 39 (5): 1116–23. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2001.02299.x. PMID 11251830.
  4. ↑ Mackenzie, C. et al. Multiple Chromosome in Bacteria: The Yin and Yang of trp Gene Localization in Rhodobacter sphaeroides 2.4.1. Genetics 1999 October; 153(2): 525-538
  5. ↑ Berghoff, Bork A.; Glaeser, Jens; Sharma, Cynthia M.; Vogel, Jörg; Klug, Gabriele (2009-12-01). "Photooxidative stress-induced and abundant small RNAs in Rhodobacter sphaeroides". Molecular Microbiology. 74 (6): 1497–1512. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2009.06949.x. ISSN 1365-2958. PMID 19906181.
  6. ↑ Adnan, Fazal; Weber, Lennart; Klug, Gabriele (2015-01-01). "The sRNA SorY confers resistance during photooxidative stress by affecting a metabolite transporter in Rhodobacter sphaeroides". RNA biology. 12 (5): 569–577. doi:10.1080/15476286.2015.1031948. ISSN 1555-8584. PMC 4615379Freely accessible. PMID 25833751.
  7. ↑ Bacteriology Insight Orienting System over Rhodobacter sphaeroides

Bibliography

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