Pterostylis

Greenhood
Pterostylis coccina
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Monocots
Order:	Asparagales
Family:	Orchidaceae
Subfamily:	Orchidoideae
Tribe:	Diurideae
Subtribe:	Pterostylidinae
Genus:	Pterostylis R.Br., 1810
Type species
Pterostylis curta R.Br., 1810[1]
Synonyms[2]
Diplodium Sw. Oligochaetochilus Szlach. Plumatichilos Szlach. Bunochilus D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. Crangonorchis D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. Eremorchis D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. Hymenochilus D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. Linguella D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. Petrorchis D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. Pharochilum D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. Ranorchis D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. Speculantha D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. Stamnorchis D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. Taurantha D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. Urochilus D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem.

Pterostylis coccina, sepals and petals removed
(1) - Lip
(2) - Hinge
(3) - stigma
(4) - pollinia

Pterostylis is a genus of about 120 species of plants in the orchid family, Orchidaceae. Commonly called greenhood orchids, they are terrestrial, deciduous, perennial, tuberous, herbs found in Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea, New Caledonia and one Indonesian island. The flowers are mostly green, sometimes with brown, reddish or white stripes and are distinguished from other orchids by their unusual flower structures and pollination mechanism.

Description

Greenhood orchids are all terrestrial herbs with an underground tuber like many other genera of orchids but are distinguished by a hood-like "galea" formed by the fusing of the dorsal sepal and two lateral petals. The galea curves forward, covers the sexual parts of the flower, is important in the pollination process and is about as long as the lateral sepals. The dorsal sepal is translucent white with green, reddish or brown stripes. The two lateral sepals are joined at their base, form the front of the flower and usually protrude to form "points" or "ears" which extend above or to the side of the galea. The third (medial) petal forms the highly modified labellum. As in other orchids, the sexual parts of the flower form part of the column and in all greenhoods, this structure has a pair of mostly translucent wings and is also important in pollination.^[3][4][5]

The tuber of a greenhood is usually more or less spherical in shape and lasts for about a year then dies. A new one is produced early in the life of the parent tuber at the same time as a new shoot is produced and continues to grow, reaching maturity at the end of the growing season. In some species, a larger number of "daughter" tubers grow, and a colony of orchids is produced. The leaves are either attached in a rosette to the base of the peduncle or "stalk" of the plant by a short petiole, or further up it, in which case the leaves are sessile. There may be one or several flowers on the peduncle.^[3][4][5][6]

Most greenhoods are pollinated by insects, nearly always by tiny flies from the family Mycetophilidae or by mosquitoes (Family Culicidae). The insect approaches the flower from downwind, as if attracted by a scent and usually lands on the galea. (In the case of Pterostylis sanguinea, the pollinator is a male fungus gnat of the genus Mycomya which attempts to copulate with the labellum, which produces the chemical attractant.)^[7] The insect then enters the flower and either because it has passed a balance point, or because it has touched a sensitive part of the labellum, the labellum moves forward trapping the insect between the column wings, the labellum and other flower parts. Observation of the insect's reaction to entrapment is difficult to observe, but in its struggle to escape, it either deposits pollinia from a previously visited flower or contacts the sticky viscidium and pollinia are attached, then carried to another flower. The features of an actively-moving labellum, along with the galea, are unique to these orchids.^[3][6]

The fruit of a greenhood is a dehiscent capsule containing up to 500 tiny seeds and is oblong to elliptic in shape with three ridges. Other parts of the flower wither soon after pollination and the dry remains are attached to the end of the capsule.^[3][5]

Taxonomy and naming

The first observation of Pterostylis by European botanists was probably by Joseph Banks when HMS Endeavour visited Botany Bay in 1770 but any specimens collected were lost later in the voyage. The first formal description of a greenhood was by Jacques Labillardière who collected a specimen from Bruny Island and gave it the name Disperis alata.^[8] After several name changes, Disperis alata is now known as Pterostylis alata. John White, the first surgeon-general of the colony of New South Wales collected several species and George Caley collected 208 greenhood specimens from 16 species and described them in great detail, including details of their habitat and gave them names like Druids Cap patersoni but did not publish his work.^[3]

The genus Pterostylis was first raised by Robert Brown who formally described 19 species but did not nominate a type species. The species he described were collected from the east coast of the mainland and from Tasmania and the descriptions were published in Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae.^[1][3][9]

Alan Cunningham was the first to describe a New Zealand species, P. banksii and John Lindley described the first four Western Australian species, P. vittata, P. pyramidalis, P. barbata and P. scabra from specimens collected by James Drummond.^[3][10] About 120 species have now been described and about 100 of them are endemic to Australia.^[4]

David Jones and Mark Clements have proposed the separating of some species of Pterostylis into the genera Bunochilus, Crangonorchis, Diplodium, Eremorchis, Hymenochilus, Linguella, Oligochaetochilus, Petrorchis, Pharochilum, Plumatichilos, Ranorchis, Speculantha, Stamnorchis, Taurantha and Urochilus^[11] but the change has not been adopted by Australian herbaria.^[4]

The genus name (Pterostylis) is derived from the Ancient Greek words pteron meaning "wing" and stylos meaning "a pillar"^[12] referring to the "wings" on the column.^[6]

Distribution and habitat

Orchids in the genus Pterostylis occur mostly in Australia but are also found in New Zealand, including some of its smaller islands such as Chatham Island, and in New Caledonia, New Guinea, New Britain, New Ireland and on Seram Island in Indonesia. In Australia they are found in all states and Lord Howe Island, but not in the Northern Territory. They grow in a wide range of habitats, especially in temperate zones and are found in grassland, heath, scrub, woodland and forest, including rainforest. They sometimes grow in semi-arid areas but usually near rocks or crevices where there is run-off during rain. In tropical regions they tend to grow at higher altitudes where temperatures are lower. Most have periods of dormancy which coincide with climatic extremes, surviving as small tubers until favourable conditions return.^[3]

Species

Hybrid greenhoods

• Pterostylis × conoglossa Upton
• Pterostylis × furcillata Rupp
• Pterostylis × ingens (Rupp) D.L.Jones
• Pterostylis × toveyana Ewart & Sharman

• 
  Pterostylis curta
• 
  Pterostylis grandiflora
• 
  Pterostylis melagramma
• 
  Pterostylis stenochila
  setting seeds
• 
  Pterostylis "Bluff" (un-named species from N.Z.)
• 
  Pterostylis recurva
  Jug orchid
• 
  Pterostylis sanguinea
  Dark banded greenhood
• 
  Pterostylis vittata
  Banded greenhood

References

Other sources

• Flora of New Zealand, Volume II

External links

• Media related to Pterostylis at Wikimedia Commons
• Data related to Pterostylis at Wikispecies