Portuguese verb conjugation

Portuguese verbs display a high degree of inflection. A typical regular verb has over fifty different forms, expressing up to six different grammatical tenses and three moods. Two forms are peculiar to Portuguese within the Romance languages:

• The personal infinitive, a non-finite form which does not show tense, but is inflected for person and number.
• The future subjunctive, is sometimes archaic in some dialects (including peninsular) of related languages such as Spanish, but still active in Portuguese.

It has also several verbal periphrases.

Overview

Portuguese verbs have the following properties.

1. Two numbers—singular, plural

2. Three persons—first, second, third

3. Three aspects—perfective, imperfective, progressive*

4. Two voices—active, passive*

5. Six morphological forms for tenses, aspects, and/or moods — present, preterite, imperfect, pluperfect, future, and conditional.

6. Three (or four) moods—indicative, subjunctive, imperative (and conditional, according to some authors)

Classes with an asterisk are entirely periphrastic. The passive voice can be constructed in two different ways. The pluperfect and the future of the indicative mood, as well as the conditional form, are often replaced with other verbal constructions or verbal periphrases in the spoken language.

Basic tenses and forms

Conjugation is demonstrated here with the important irregular verb fazer "to do". The Portuguese names of the tenses (tempos) and forms (modos) are given along with their English translations.

Or in English (escrever, "to write"):

Notes

1. The pluperfect indicative can also be expressed with an equivalent periphrasis.
2. The future indicative is usually replaced with a periphrasis or the present indicative in the spoken language.
3. The Portuguese conditional is sometimes replaced with a periphrasis or with the imperfect indicative in the spoken language. Some authors regard it as a form of its own, others treat it as a tense of the indicative form.
4. In regular verbs, the future subjunctive and the personal infinitive are formally identical.
5. See the section on the imperative, below.

Description

The tenses correspond to:

• Present (presente): "I do" or "I am doing".
• Preterite (pretérito, or pretérito perfeito): "I did" or "I have done".
• Imperfect (imperfeito, or pretérito imperfeito): "I did", "I used to do", "I was doing".
• Pluperfect (mais-que-perfeito, or pretérito mais-que-perfeito): "I had done".
• Future (futuro, or futuro do presente in Brazilian Portuguese): "I will do", "I am going to do".
• Conditional (condicional, or futuro do pretérito in Brazilian Portuguese): "I would do". Used in some types of conditional sentences, as a form of courtesy, or as a future-in-the-past.

The five non-finite forms generally correspond to:

• (Impersonal) infinitive (infinitivo, or infinitivo impessoal): equivalent to English "to do".
• Past participle (particípio, or particípio passado): equivalent to English "done".
• Present participle (particípio presente): equivalent to English "doing".
• Gerund (gerúndio): equivalent to English "doing".
• Personal infinitive (infinitivo pessoal): "(for me) to do", an infinitive which inflects according to its subject; a rare feature that Portuguese shares with Galician.

The forms are used roughly as follows:

• Indicative (indicativo): for factual statements or positive beliefs. Example of an English equivalent: "I have done".
• Subjunctive (subjuntivo, or conjuntivo): mostly used when speaking of unreal, uncertain, or unassumed conditions: "Were I to do".
• Imperative (imperativo): for direct commands or requests; equivalent to the English "Do!"

For the Portuguese personal pronouns (which are omitted whenever they can be inferred from the form of the conjugated verb or the context), see Portuguese personal pronouns and possessives.

Conjugations

Regular verbs belong to one of three conjugation classes, distinguished by the ending of their infinitive forms (which is also their citation form):

• Those whose infinitive ends in -ar belong to the first conjugation (e.g. lavar, matar, ladrar);
• Those whose infinitive ends in -er belong to the second conjugation (e.g. correr, comer, colher);
• Those whose infinitive ends in -ir belong to the third conjugation (e.g. partir, destruir, urdir);

The verb pôr is conventionally placed in the second conjugation by many authors, since it is derived from Old Portuguese poer (Latin ponere). In any event, this is an irregular verb whose conjugation must be learned on its own. Other verbs with infinitives ending in -or, such as depor, compor, and propor are derivatives of pôr, and are conjugated in the same way.

First conjugation (cantar)

• Non-finite forms
  • Infinitive: cantar
  • Gerund: cantando
  • Past participle: cantado
  • Present participle: cantando
  • Personal infinitives: cantar, cantares, cantar, cantarmos, cantardes, cantarem
• Indicative
  • Present: canto, cantas, canta, cantamos, cantais, cantam
  • Imperfect: cantava, cantavas, cantava, cantávamos, cantáveis, cantavam
  • Preterite: cantei, cantaste, cantou, cantámos (EP) or cantamos (BP), cantastes, cantaram
  • Pluperfect: cantara, cantaras, cantara, cantáramos, cantáreis, cantaram
  • Future: cantarei, cantarás, cantará, cantaremos, cantareis, cantarão
  • Conditional (Preterite Future): cantaria, cantarias, cantaria, cantaríamos, cantaríeis, cantariam
• Subjunctive
  • Present: cante, cantes, cante, cantemos, canteis, cantem
  • Imperfect: cantasse, cantasses, cantasse, cantássemos, cantásseis, cantassem
  • Future: cantar, cantares, cantar, cantarmos, cantardes, cantarem
• Imperative
  • canta (tu), cante (você), cantemos (nós), cantai (vós), cantem (vocês)

Second conjugation (comer)

• Non-finite forms
  • Infinitive: comer
  • Gerund: comendo
  • Past participle: comido
  • Personal infinitives: comer, comeres, comer, comermos, comerdes, comerem
• Indicative
  • Present: como, comes, come, comemos, comeis, comem
  • Imperfect: comia, comias, comia, comíamos, comíeis, comiam
  • Preterite: comi, comeste, comeu, comemos, comestes, comeram
  • Pluperfect: comera, comeras, comera, comêramos, comêreis, comeram
  • Future: comerei, comerás, comerá, comeremos, comereis, comerão
  • Conditional: comeria, comerias, comeria, comeríamos, comeríeis, comeriam
• Subjunctive
  • Present: coma, comas, coma, comamos, comais, comam
  • Imperfect: comesse, comesses, comesse, comêssemos, comêsseis, comessem
  • Future: comer, comeres, comer, comermos, comerdes, comerem
• Imperative
  • come (tu), coma (você), comamos (nós), comei (vós), comam (vocês)

Third conjugation (partir)

• Non-finite forms
  • Infinitive: partir
  • Gerund: partindo
  • Past participle: partido
  • Personal infinitives: partir, partires, partir, partirmos, partirdes, partirem
• Indicative
  • Present: parto, partes, parte, partimos, partis, partem
  • Imperfect: partia, partias, partia, partíamos, partíeis, partiam
  • Preterite: parti, partiste, partiu, partimos, partistes, partiram
  • Pluperfect: partira, partiras, partira, partíramos, partíreis, partiram
  • Future: partirei, partirás, partirá, partiremos, partireis, partirão
  • Conditional: partiria, partirias, partiria, partiríamos, partiríeis, partiriam
• Subjunctive
  • Present: parta, partas, parta, partamos, partais, partam
  • Imperfect: partisse, partisses, partisse, partíssemos, partísseis, partissem
  • Future: partir, partires, partir, partirmos, partirdes, partirem
• Imperative
  • parte (tu), parta (você), partamos (nós), parti (vós), partam (vocês)

Quick reference

1. European Portuguese
2. Brazilian Portuguese

Important irregular verbs

The following irregular verbs are used as auxiliary verbs in various periphrastic constructions.

ter - to have

estar - to be

ser - to be

haver - to have, to happen, there to be

1. or hemos (archaic)
2. or heis (archaic)

Conditional and future

There are few irregular verbs for these tenses (only dizer, fazer, trazer, and their compounds - also haver, ter, ser, ir, pôr, estar, etc. - for the Subjunctive Future Imperfect). The Indicative Future Imperfect, Conditional and Subjunctive Future Imperfects are formed by adding to the infinitive of the verb the Indicative Present inflections of the auxiliary verb haver (dropping the h and av), the 2nd/3rd conjugation endings of the Preterit Imperfect and the Personal Infinitive endings, respectively. Thus, for the majority of the verbs, the Simple Personal Infinitive coincides with Subjunctive Future.

Imperative

The affirmative imperative for second person pronouns tu and vós is obtained from the present indicative, by deletion of the final -s (in some cases, an accent mark must be added to the vowel which precedes it). For other persons, and for negative clauses, the present subjunctive takes the role of imperative.

Pronunciation of present inflections

In the present tense, the stress fluctuates between the root and the termination. As a rule of thumb, the last radical vowel (the one that can be stressed) will retain its original pronunciation when unstressed (atonic) and change into [a], [e] (Subjunctive or Indicative 1st pers sing)/[ɛ] (Infinitive), or [o] (Subjunctive or Indicative 1st pers sing)/[ɔ] (Infinitive) - depending on the vowel in question - in case it is stressed (is in a tonic syllable). Other vowels (u, i) and nasalized sounds will probably stay unchanged.

Example: Consider the conjugation of correr (analogous to comer, presented above) in the Indicative Present Simple. The first-person singular corro has [o] in the stressed vowel, while other forms corres, corre, correm have [ɔ].

In Portugal, all verbs with /o/ or /e/ in the stem vowel alternate similarly (/e/ alternates between [e] in the first-person singular and [ɛ] elsewhere). In the forms where the stem vowel is unstressed, the /e/ is pronounced [ɨ] and the /o/ is pronounced /u/ in some verbs (e.g. comer) and /ɔ/ in others (e.g. absorver, below). The difference is probably due to whether the stem syllable is open (followed by at most one consonant) or closed (followed by at least two consonants).

In Brazil, the following difference apply:

• Alternation in stem-stressed forms is similar, but is blocked when a nasal consonant (/m/, /n/ or /ɲ/) follows, in which case the higher alternant (i.e. /o/ or /e/) is used in all forms. For example, in the verb comer, all of the forms como, comes, come, comem have /o/.
• Stem-unstressed forms consistently have /o/ or /e/.

Example, absorver "to absorb" ([u] in Portugal, [o] in Brazil).

It will be conjugated in Portugal as [ɐpˈsoɾvu], [ɐpˈsɔɾvɨʃ], [ɐpˈsɔɾvɨ], [ɐpsɔɾˈvemuʃ], [ɐpsɔɾˈvɐjʃ], [ɐpˈsɔɾvɐ̃j].

In Brazil, it is pronounced approximately as [abiˈsoxvu], [abiˈsɔxvis], [abiˈsɔxvi], [abisoxˈvemus], [abisoxˈvejs], [abiˈsɔxvẽj]. ("Approximately" because some dialects don't have the "i" sound after b, and some substitute different sounds for the [x] and the final [s].)

This also has repercussions in the Imperative, for its inflections are constructed from the Indicative Present Simple.

See also

• Portuguese grammar
• Portuguese personal pronouns and possessives
• Portuguese phonology
• Wikibooks: Variation of the Portuguese Verbs

References

Manuela Cook (2013) Portuguese Pronouns and Other Forms of Address, from the Past into the Future - Structural, Semantic and Pragmatic Reflections, Ellipsis vol. 11, www.portuguese-apsa.com/ellipsis

External links

For a list of words relating to Portuguese verbs, see the Portuguese verbs category of words in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• Conjugate.click, conjugation of Portuguese verbs, features include hiding/unhiding tu/vós forms which only used is some regions of Brazil, clear-human voice annunciation for most infinitive forms of the verb, illustrations for better retention, etc.
• Online Portuguese Verb Conjugator, fast and simple verb conjugator with irregular forms highlighting.
• Conjugation paradigm for Portuguese regular verbs, at Orbis Latinus
• LX-Conjugator Online conjugator with support for pronominal conjugation (up to three clitics)
• Conjuga-me A very complete online conjugator for Portuguese
• Verb ConjugationTrainer by Tudo Bem Portuguese Web app for memorizing Portuguese verb conjugations