Port Harcourt

This article is about the city. For the local government area of the same name, see Port Harcourt (local government area). For other uses, see Port Harcourt (disambiguation).
"Diobu" redirects here. For the neighbourhood, see Diobu, Port Harcourt.
Port Harcourt
Metropolis

Top: A street scene in Port Harcourt
Middle: Port Harcourt International Airport, The City Center
Bottom: Government House, Port Harcourt
Nickname(s): Pitakwa, P.H,[1] Garden City[2][3]
Port Harcourt

Map of Nigeria showing the location of Port Harcourt in Nigeria.

Coordinates: 4°49′27″N 7°2′1″E / 4.82417°N 7.03361°E / 4.82417; 7.03361Coordinates: 4°49′27″N 7°2′1″E / 4.82417°N 7.03361°E / 4.82417; 7.03361
Country  Nigeria
State Rivers
LGA(s) Port Harcourt
Obio-Akpor
Founded 1912
Incorporation 1913[3]
Named for Lewis Vernon Harcourt
Government
 • Type Mayor–Council
 • Body Port Harcourt City Council
 • Mayor Soni Sam Ejekwu[4]
Area[5][6]
 • Metropolis 369 km2 (142 sq mi)
 • Land 360 km2 (140 sq mi)
 • Water 9 km2 (3 sq mi)
 • Urban 158 km2 (61 sq mi)
 • Metro 1,900 km2 (700 sq mi)
Population (2006 census)[7][8]
 • Metropolis 1,005,904
 • Density 2,700/km2 (7,100/sq mi)
 • Urban 1,865,000
 • Urban density 12,000/km2 (31,000/sq mi)
 • Metro 2,000,000
 • Metro density 1,100/km2 (2,700/sq mi)
Demonym(s) Harcourtian[9]
Time zone WAT (UTC+1)
Postcode 500[10]
Area code(s) 084[11]
Climate Am

Port Harcourt (Igbo: Ígúọ́cha;[12][13][14] Pidgin: Po-ta-kot[3][Note 1]) is the capital and largest city of Rivers State, Nigeria. It lies along the Bonny River and is located in the Niger Delta. As of 2016, the Port Harcourt urban area has an estimated population of 1,865,000 inhabitants, up from 1,382,592 as of 2006.[15][9]

The area that became Port Harcourt in 1912 was before that part of the farmlands of the Diobu village group of the Ikwerre, an Igbo sub-group.[16] The colonial administration of Nigeria created the port to export coal from the collieries of Enugu located 243 kilometres (151 mi) north of Port Harcourt,[17] to which it was linked by a railway called the Eastern Line, also built by the British.[2][17][18]

In 1956 crude oil was discovered in commercial quantities at Oloibiri, and Port Harcourt's economy turned to petroleum when the first shipment of Nigerian crude oil was exported through the city in 1958. Through the benefits of the Nigerian petroleum industry, Port Harcourt was further developed, with aspects of modernisation such as overpasses and city blocks.[3] Oil firms that currently have offices in the city include Royal Dutch Shell and Chevron.[19]

There are a number of institutions of tertiary education in Port Harcourt, mostly government-owned. These institutions include, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, University of Port Harcourt, Rivers State College of Arts and Science, Ignatius Ajuru University and Rivers State College of Health Science and Technology. The current Mayor is Soni Sam Ejekwu. Port Harcourt's primary airport is Port Harcourt International Airport, located on the outskirts of the city; the NAF base is the location of the only other airport and is used by commercial airlines Aero Contractors and Air Nigeria) for domestic flights.[20]

Etymology

The port was built in 1912, but not given a name until August 1913, when the Governor of Nigeria, Sir Frederick Lugard, named it "Port Harcourt" in honor of Lewis Vernon Harcourt, then the Secretary of State for the Colonies.[14] The Ikwerre name for the city is Iguocha, which is loaned from the Igbo word "Ụ́gwụ́ Ọ́chá".[14]

History

Port Harcourt was founded in 1912 by Frederick Lugard, governor of both the Northern Nigeria Protectorate and the Southern Nigeria Protectorate.[21] Its purpose was to export the coal that geologist Albert Ernest Kitson had discovered in Enugu in 1909.[22] The colonial government caused the people of Diobu to cede their land, and in 1912 the building of a port-town was started.[12] Other villages that were later absorbed into the city included Oroworukwo, Mkpogua, and Rumuomasi;[23][24][25] In the creeks to the south of the original port were the fishing camps and grounds of the Okrika-Ijaw group.[14]

During the First World War, Port Harcourt was used as a point for military operations against the Central Powers in German Kamerun.[3][26] After the discovery of crude oil in Oloibiri in 1956, Port Harcourt exported the first shipload from Nigeria in 1958. Port Harcourt became the centre of the Nigerian oil economy[27] and it subsequently reaped benefits of its associations with the petroleum industry by undergoing modernisation and urbanisation.[3] Port Harcourt's growth is further due to its position as the commercial centre and foremost industrial city of the former Eastern Region; its position in the Niger Delta; and its importance as the centre of social and economic life in Rivers State. After the Republic of Biafra seceded from Nigeria in 1967 Port Harcourt fell to Nigerian forces on 19 May 1968. From an area of 15.54 km2 in 1914, Port Harcourt grew uncontrolled to an area of 360 km2 in the 1980s.[28]

Geography

Traffic in the Port Harcourt City Centre

The main city of Port Harcourt is the Port Harcourt City in the Port Harcourt local government area, consisting of the former European quarters now called Old GRA and New Layout areas. The urban area (Port Harcourt metropolis), on the other hand, is made up of the local government area itself and parts of Obio-Akpor accordingly.[29] Port Harcourt, which is the current capital of Rivers State, is highly congested as it is the only major city of the state. In 2009, a law was passed by the Rivers State House of Assembly and governor Amaechi's administration to spread development to the surrounding communities as part of the effort to decongest the Port Harcourt metropolis. The Greater Port Harcourt region, spans eight local government areas that include Port Harcourt, Okrika, Obio-Akpor, Ikwerre, Oyigbo, Ogu–Bolo, Etche and Eleme. Its total population was estimated at 2,000,000 as of 2009, making it one of the largest metropolitan areas in Nigeria.[30]

Location

Destinations from Port Harcourt
Warri, Delta Owerri, Imo Aba, Abia
Yenegoa, Bayelsa Uyo, Akwa Ibom
   Port Harcourt  
Gulf of Guinea Atlantic Ocean Malabo, (Equatorial Guinea), Limbe (Cameroon)

Climate

Port Harcourt features a tropical wet climate with lengthy and heavy rainy seasons and very short dry seasons. Only the months of December and January truly qualifies as dry season months in the city. The harmattan, which climatically influences many cities in West Africa, is less pronounced in Port Harcourt. Port Harcourt's heaviest precipitation occurs during September with an average of 367 mm of rain. December on average is the driest month of the year, with an average rainfall of 20 mm. Temperatures throughout the year in the city are relatively constant, showing little variation throughout the course of the year. Average temperatures are typically between 25 °C-28 °C in the city.

Climate data for Port Harcourt
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 32.4
(90.3)		 33.4
(92.1)		 32.6
(90.7)		 32.1
(89.8)		 31.2
(88.2)		 30.0
(86)		 28.8
(83.8)		 28.7
(83.7)		 29.3
(84.7)		 30.2
(86.4)		 31.3
(88.3)		 31.8
(89.2)		 31.0
(87.8)
Average low °C (°F) 21.2
(70.2)		 22.5
(72.5)		 23.3
(73.9)		 23.2
(73.8)		 23.2
(73.8)		 22.7
(72.9)		 22.4
(72.3)		 22.4
(72.3)		 22.4
(72.3)		 22.4
(72.3)		 22.4
(72.3)		 21.4
(70.5)		 22.5
(72.5)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 22.2
(0.874)		 56.5
(2.224)		 116.3
(4.579)		 183.6
(7.228)		 222.7
(8.768)		 273.3
(10.76)		 356.5
(14.035)		 326.8
(12.866)		 367.1
(14.453)		 263.1
(10.358)		 96.9
(3.815)		 25.9
(1.02)		 2,310.9
(90.98)
Average rainy days 2.2 4.6 8.6 11.6 14.2 16.5 19.7 19.8 20.1 14.4 5.9 2.1 139.7
Average relative humidity (%) (at 15:00 LST) 54.6 57.0 65.3 70.1 74.1 78.5 81.1 81.6 81.3 77.7 69.3 58.5 70.8
Mean monthly sunshine hours 142.6 123.2 114.7 132.0 139.5 102.0 77.5 74.4 78.0 102.3 132.0 148.8 1,367
Mean daily sunshine hours 4.6 4.4 3.7 4.4 4.5 3.4 2.5 2.4 2.6 3.3 4.4 4.8 3.75
Source #1: World Meteorological Organization[31]
Source #2: NOAA (sun and relative humidity, 1961–1990)[32]

Residential areas

Some of Port Harcourt's more popular and well-known residential areas are Port Harcourt Township (or just "Town"), GRA (Government Reserved Area) phases 1—5, Rumuomasi, D-line, Elelenwo, Ogbunabali, Rumuola, Diobu, Amadi Flats, and Borokiri. The main industrial area is located in Trans Amadi.

Economy

A picture of gates of the Port Harcourt Refining Company Ltd. with an oil refinery's fire seen in the background in rainy weather.
The Port Harcourt Refining Company Ltd.

Port Harcourt is a major industrial centre as it has a large number of multinational firms as well as other industrial concerns, particularly business related to the petroleum industry. It is the chief oil-refining city in Nigeria and has two main oil refineries that process around 210,000 barrels of crude oil a day, both operated by the Port Harcourt Refining Company.[33][34] Rivers State is one of the wealthiest states in Nigeria in terms of gross domestic product and foreign exchange revenue from the oil industry, crude oil being its principal export earner. Face-me-I-face-you architecture is quite common in certain parts of Port Harcourt. The Point Block of Rivers State Secretariat is an icon of the city. An 18-story building, it is the tallest building in the South East and South South geopolitical zones combined.

Demographics

Religion

Like every other city in the country's south, religion in Port Harcourt is predominantly Christianity. The Roman Catholics make up a significant portion of the Christian population.[35] There are scores of churches, parishes and priests within the Port Harcourt Catholic diocese.[36] The central church is the Corpus Christi Cathedral Parish in D-line.[37] The city is also home to other Christian denominations such as Anglicans, Methodists, Baptists, Presbyterians, and members of Evangelical and Pentecostal groups. Just a small number of residents adhere to the Islamic faith.[35]

Culture

Literature

The Port Harcourt Book Festival, formerly known as Garden City Literary Festival remains one of the city's most important and popular events since its inception in 2008. Established by the government of Chibuike Rotimi Amaechi, the yearly gathering improves local literacy levels, promotes reading habits among denizens, and benefits exhibitors seeking wider audience.[38] Throughout its annual run, Port Harcourt Book Festival has hosted renowned publishers such as Heinemann, Learn Africa Plc, Africana First Publishers and EPP Books Services. The festival currently continues to draw writers, literary connoisseurs, booksellers and publishers from every walk of life to the city.[39] In July 2012, UNESCO, IPA, IBF and IFLA named Port Harcourt the World Book Capital for the year 2014, making her the 14th city in the world to be selected as World Book Capital and the first in Black Africa.[40][41]

Music

Nightlife

Aside from being the oil capital, Port Harcourt is also known for the vibrant late-night activities and entertainment scene. There are several public houses, lounges, clubs, dance bars and restaurants spread out around the city. Partyers and revellers tend to spend a chunk of their night time at New GRA, where most of the bars and high-end nightclubs are located. Uptempo and club-friendly music can be heard in nearly every corner of the city at night. There have been increases in sex-oriented businesses including strip clubs and brothels.[42] Prostitutes who operate out of these red-light districts mainly fall in the 18-30 age bracket and may charge as high as ₦25,000 a night, if not more.[43]

In music

In movies

Education

Colleges and universities

Several institutions of tertiary education in Port Harcourt offer a wide range of professionally-accredited programmes and qualifications. Most of these institutions are publicly funded while others are run by private entities. The University of Port Harcourt was ranked 6th in Africa and 1st in Nigeria by Times Higher Education in 2015.[53] The federal government owned university has its main campus at Choba district.

Universities and colleges administered by the Government of Rivers State are also located in the city. They include Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Rivers State College of Arts and Science, Ignatius Ajuru University of Education and Rivers State College of Health Science and Technology. The notable private institutions are Catholic Institute of West Africa and Eastern Polytechnic. While the latter is the first and only private polytechnic established in the state.[54]

Primary and secondary schools

Media

Media in Port Harcourt consists largely of print, online and broadcast. Information is generally disseminated to the public through radio, television, newspapers, magazines and the internet. The government owns a number of the existing communications media, although, some private media is permitted. As a regulatory authority, the Rivers State Ministry of Information and Communications is responsible for overseeing the entire broadcasting system, as well as promoting competition, and ensuring the provision of qualitative services throughout the city. Since English is much more popular in the country's urban areas, media content such as publications, news, radio and television programmes are available mostly in the English language.[55]

Newspapers

In print media, the largest-circulated daily newspaper published in Port Harcourt is The Tide. It is state supported and has an online version. Another popular newspaper is the weekly tabloid National Network which is owned by local politician Jerry Needam.[56] Additionally, other noteworthy papers like The Neighbourhood published by Nativity Communications Company and The Newswriter published by Writers House have begun competing for market presence and are both headquartered in the metropolis.[57][58]

Radio

Radio is an important mass medium in these parts. Not only has it become a strong source of news and entertainment, it is wide reaching and has proved a cheap means to reach a mass audience. Many of Port Harcourt's radio stations are in private hands with just a few are state owned. Radio Rivers, founded 1981 offers programs in English and various indigenous languages. Its operator is the Rivers State Broadcasting Corporation (RSBC).[59] As of December 2013, more than 5 local FM stations some of which were privately owned by media conglomerates Silverbird Group, South Atlantic Media, Globe Broadcasting and Communications and The Multimesh Company were already commercially licensed.[60]

Television

Infrastructure

There's an international airport, Port Harcourt International Airport on the outskirts of the city, a Nigerian Air Force (NAF) base which is the location of the only other airport used by commercial airlines Aero Contractors and Air Nigeria for domestic flights, two seaports (FOT Onne, Port Harcourt Wharf), and two stadiums (Sharks Stadium, also the civic center and Liberation Stadium) located in Elekahia. The city is sprawling in nature as building codes and zoning regulations are poorly enforced. Land is cleared and "lean-to" buildings constructed sometimes overnight. This adds to flooding and sanitation problems since with no proper drainage or sewer system, parts of the city flood during the very heavy monsoon-type rains that fall for half the year.

Healthcare

Port Harcourt is the leading hub for medical services in Rivers State. Many healthcare facilities including hospitals and research facilities are located in Port Harcourt.[61] The city has a prominent tertiary health institution University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital (UPTH) is situated on East West Road.[62]

Government hospitals are widely favoured and caters to a larger pool of patients. One of the oldest is Braithwaite Memorial Specialist Hospital. Originally founded in 1925, the 375-bed facility provides general and specialist medical and surgical services along with a range of diagnostic and support services.[63] Between 2009 and 2013, the Rivers State government commissioned two additional hospitals. This includes Kelsey Harrison Hospital and the Rivers State Dental and Maxillofacial Hospital.[64]

Some other notable hospitals in the city are Meridian Hospital and Rehoboth Specialist Hospital which are private.[65]

Water supply and sanitation

The Port Harcourt Water Supply Project aims at delivering sustainable water supply to the people of Port Harcourt and Obio-Akpor local government areas. The project is the first phase of the rehabilitation of the old Port Harcourt water supply system and its extension to new areas of the city. It involves the rehabilitation and upgrade of the stations in Rumuola, increasing its current capacity to 187,000 m3 (6,603,843 cu ft) per day.

In Rivers State, Water sector and utility reforms were initiated in 2009 and included the enactment of the Rivers State's Water and Sanitation policy 2012 and the enactment of the Rivers State Water Sector development law #7of 2012.

The policy and Law provided for the creation of specialized institutions for service delivery. Key Agencies include the Rural Water supply and sanitation agency RUWASSA, managed by Mrs. Kakada, the Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Agency, RSSTOWA, managed by Engr. Martin Mmeo, the Port Harcourt Water Corporation (PHWC) managed by Kenneth Anga, and the Rivers State Water Services Regulatory Commission managed by Chris Obasiolu.

Port Harcourt Water Corporation (PHWC) was established pursuant to the Water Sector Development Law #7 of 2012 to replace the former Rivers State Water Board and to ensure the provision of potable drinking water and waste water treatment services. The corporation formally took off in September 2014 with the recruitment of the pioneer Managing Director, Kenneth Anga with a mandate to convert it to a self-sustaining public service corporation.

Greater Port Harcourt

Under the leadership of Governor Chibuike Amaechi plans have been announced for the creation of a new city to be called Greater Port-Harcourt City.[66] The new city is to be located close to Port-Harcourt International Airport.[67] The total coverage area for the Greater Port Harcourt city development is 1900 km2 spanning eight local governments in Rivers State, including Ogu Bolo, Eleme, Ikwere, Etche, Obio Akpor, Okrika.

The Authority (GPHCDA) was established by law in April 2009 with a mandate to facilitate the implementation of the Greater Port Harcourt master plan and build the new city. The Authority is led by an administrator, Dame Aleruchi Cookey Gam, supported by a pioneer management team comprising the Secretary to the authority and Board, Dr Silva Opusunju, Director Finance Aaron Obelley, Director Administration (Permanent Secretary) MI Tella, Director Public Affairs Kenneth Anga, Director Legal Dr. Justice Nwobike, Director Projects Edmund Altraide, Director Development Control Sir Ngozi Worgu.

The Greater Port Harcourt city hosted several of the events at the 17th national sports festival tagged "Garden City Games".

Notable people

Twin towns – Sister cities

Port Harcourt has the following sister city relationships, according to Sister Cities International:

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ 'Pidgin' is an important language of Port Harcourt.[2]

References

  1. ↑ "Celebrating Port Harcourt At 100". The Tide News Online. 2013-11-22. Retrieved 2014-03-29.
  2. 1 2 3 Williams, Lizzie (2008). Nigeria: The Bradt Travel Guide. p. 200.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Hudgens, Jim; Trillo, Richard (2003). The rough guide to West Africa (4 ed.). Rough Guides. p. 1075. ISBN 1-843-53118-6.
  4. ↑ "Mayor of Port Harcourt becomes Dolphins' No. 1 fan". Goal.com. Perform Group. 2013-06-08. Retrieved 2014-03-29.
  5. ↑ "Rivers Population Statistics". City Population.de. Retrieved 7 September 2016.
  6. ↑ Agbedeyi (11 May 2015). [www.ajol.info/index.php/njp/article/download/118447/107983 "Feeding Patterns of Children in Day Care Centres of Port Harcourt Metropolis"] Check |url= value (help). Retrieved 7 September 2016.
  7. ↑ Summing the 2 LGAs Port Harcourt as per:
    "FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA : 2006 Population Census" (PDF). Web.archive.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 25 July 2016.
  8. ↑ Urban area: Demographia (January 2015). Demographia World Urban Areas (PDF) (11th ed.). Retrieved 7 September 2016.
  9. 1 2 Arizona-Ogwu, L.Chinedu (16 February 2011). "Port Harcourt PDP Rally Stampede: Irregular Or Deregulated Police Action?". Nigerians In America. Retrieved 25 June 2014.
  10. ↑ "Nipost Postcode Map". Nigerian Postal Service. Retrieved 2010-10-28.
  11. ↑ Williams, Lizzie (2008). Nigeria: The Bradt Travel Guide. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 87. ISBN 1-84162-239-7.
  12. 1 2 Njoku, Onwuka N (October 2008). "Eastern Nigeria Under British Rule" (PDF). Department of History, University of Nigeria. University of Nigeria, Nsukka: 23.
  13. ↑ McCall, John Christensen (2000). Dancing histories: heuristic ethnography with the Ohafia Igbo. University of Michigan Press. p. 75. ISBN 0-472-11070-5.
  14. 1 2 3 4 Okafor, S.O. (January 1973). "The Port Harcourt Issue: A Note on Dr Tamuno's Article" (PDF). African Affairs. Royal African Society. Oxford University Press. 72 (286): 74.
  15. ↑ Demographia (April 2016). "Demographia World Urban Areas" (PDF) (11th ed.). Retrieved 7 September 2016.
  16. ↑ Onwuejeogwu, M.A (1981). Nri Kingdom & Hegemony. Ethnographica. ISBN 0905788087.
  17. 1 2 Nigeria, Chief Secretary's Office (1933). The Nigeria handbook (10 ed.). Eastern Line: Government Printer, Lagos. p. 83.
  18. ↑ Udo, Reuben K. (1970). Geographical Regions of Nigeria. University of California Press. p. 85.
  19. ↑ Ekeinde, Austin (October 28, 2010). "Slum demolition plan ups tension in Nigeria oil hub". Reuters Africa. p. 2. Retrieved 2010-10-28.
  20. ↑ Williams, Lizzie (2008). Nigeria: The Bradt Travel Guide. p. 203.
  21. ↑ African Affairs, Volume 71 (1972), p. 274
  22. ↑ Williams, Lizzie (2008). Nigeria: The Bradt Travel Guide. p. 196.
  23. ↑ Wolpe, Howard (1974). Urban politics in Nigeria: a study of Port Harcourt. University of California Press. p. 268. ISBN 0-520-02451-6.
  24. ↑ The pre-colonial period. Routledge. 1977. p. 278. ISBN 0-7146-2919-7.
  25. ↑ Izeogu, C. V. (1989). Environmental Problems in Third World Cities - 7000IIED. International Institute for Environment & Development. p. 61. ISBN 1-84369-072-1.
  26. ↑ Archibong, Maurice (11 March 2004). "Port Harcourt: Garden City with few flowers". The Daily Sun. The Sun Publishing Limited. Retrieved 2010-10-30.
  27. ↑ Amaechi, Chibuike Rotimi. "State Government Solutions to the Niger Delta Troubles: Key Challenges, Needs and Strategies" (PDF). Chatham House.
  28. ↑ Izeogu, C.V. (1989). Environmental Problems in Third World Cities. International Institute for Environment & Development. p. 60. ISBN 1-84369-072-1.
  29. ↑ Ogbonna, D. N. / Amangabara, G. T. / Ekere, T. O.: "Urban solid waste generation in Port Harcourt metropolis and its implications for waste management", Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal, Volume: 18 Issue: 1; 2007
  30. ↑ "The Greater Port Harcourt Project …Myth or Reality?". The Tide. 27 May 2012. Retrieved 6 August 2016.
  31. ↑ "World Weather Information Service – Port Harcourt". World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 7 July 2016.
  32. ↑ "Port Harcourt Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 7 July 2016.
  33. ↑ "Appendix C: Refineries Technical Information Binder" (PDF). Nigerian Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative. Retrieved 15 June 2014.
  34. ↑ "Sights in Port Harcourt". World66.com. Retrieved 2014-06-15.
  35. 1 2 Ihejirika, Walter C (2009). "Muslim minorities and media access in a predominantly Christian city: The case of Port Harcourt, Nigeria". In Winston Mano. Journal of African Media Studies. Intellect. pp. 469–491. ISSN 1751-7974.
  36. ↑ "List Of Priests In Port Harcourt Diocese (Diocesan And Religious)". dccwo.org. Retrieved 5 August 2014.
  37. ↑ "Bishop Ordains 10 Catholic Priests". The Tide. 29 July 2013. Retrieved 5 August 2014.
  38. ↑ "Nigeria: Port Harcourt Book Festival Retains Book Fair". AllAfrica.com. AllAfrica Global Media. 2013-09-01. Retrieved 2014-03-03.
  39. ↑ Sam-Duru, Prisca (2013-10-24). "Port Harcourt alight as book festival begins". Vanguardngr.com. Vanguard Media. Retrieved 2014-03-03.
  40. ↑ "Port Harcourt named "World Book Capital 2014"". Unesco.org. 2012-07-19. Retrieved 2014-03-03.
  41. ↑ "Nigeria: UNESCO Names Port Harcourt as World Book Capital 2014". Gambellastarnews.com. 2012-09-02. Retrieved 2014-03-03.
  42. ↑ "How Prostitutes, Nude Dancers Rule Night Life In PH". The Tide. Port Harcourt, Nigeria: Rivers State Newspaper Corporation. 2014-02-07. Retrieved 2014-06-30.
  43. ↑ "Night Life In Port Harcourt … Places To Catch Fun". The Tide. Port Harcourt, Nigeria: Rivers State Newspaper Corporation. 2013-02-08. Retrieved 2014-06-27.
  44. ↑ "Duncan Mighty: The official 1st Son of Port Harcourt is in Hamburg". African Heritage. 2012-10-18. Retrieved 2014-03-03.
  45. ↑ "Nigeria: Muma Gee - Controversial, Weird but Focused". AllAfrica.com. AllAfrica Global Media. 2014-02-09. Retrieved 2014-03-03.
  46. ↑ "Slim Burna Teases Tracklist For 'I'm On Fire' Mixtape". Codewit World News. 2012-10-18. Retrieved 2014-03-03.
  47. ↑ "Slim Burna - Port Harcourt Boy (feat. Knowledge) Lyrics". songlyrics.com. Retrieved 2014-03-03.
  48. ↑ "Blood and Oil". TVO. Retrieved 2014-03-03.
  49. ↑ "Paterson Joseph: Why oil makes his blood boil". metro.co.uk. 2010-03-17. Retrieved 2014-03-03.
  50. ↑ "Nollywood Stars Storm PH For New Movie …As Liz Benson Bounces Back To Acting". The Tide. 2014-02-14. Retrieved 2014-03-03.
  51. ↑ "Empress Njamah To Open Multi-Million Naira Fashion House". News One Newspaper. 2011-09-30. Retrieved 2014-03-03.
  52. ↑ "Mary Uranta: Sexual harassment drove me out of Nollywood". The Sun News. 2013-04-28. Retrieved 2014-04-18.
  53. ↑ "UK body ranks UniPort first in Nigeria". The Nation. 15 July 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2016.
  54. ↑ Akanimo Sampson (5 February 2016). "First Private Polytechnic Springs Up In Rivers, By Akanimo Sampson". News Rescue. Retrieved 27 June 2016.
  55. ↑ "Ministry of Information & Communications". Riversstate.gov.ng. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
  56. ↑ "Ogoni-Shell Crisis: Rivers Lawmaker Caught In Double Standard Game". Nationalnetworkonline.com. Port Harcourt: Network Printing and Publishing Company. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
  57. ↑ "Contact Us". Theneighbourhoodonline.com. Nativity Communications Company. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
  58. ↑ "About The Newswriter". Thenewswriterng.com. Writers House Prref name="vanguardngr">Sam-Duru, Prisca (2013-10-24). "Port Harcourt alight as book festival begins". Vanguardngr.com. Vanguard Media. Retrieved 2014-03-03.inting and Publishing Company. Retrieved 17 August 2014. External link in |publisher= (help)
  59. ↑ "Radio Rivers At 33". The Tide. Port Harcourt: Rivers State Newspaper Corporation. 7 May 2014. Retrieved 23 August 2014.
  60. ↑ Uwalaka, Temple. "Audience Assessment of News Commentary on Radio Rivers 99.1FM: A Port Harcourt City Survey" (PDF). Academia.edu. Retrieved 23 August 2014.
  61. ↑ "Medical Tourism: The Rivers Initiative". The Tide. Port Harcourt: Rivers State Newspaper Corporation. 26 February 2014. Retrieved 13 August 2014.
  62. ↑ "Our Beginning". Upthng.org. Retrieved 13 August 2014.
  63. ↑ "Our History". Port Harcourt: Braithwaite Memorial Specialist Hospital. Retrieved 13 August 2014.
  64. ↑ "'PH, New Hub For Medical Tourism'". The Tide. Port Harcourt: Rivers State Newspaper Corporation. 4 February 2013. Retrieved 13 August 2014.
  65. ↑ "About us". meridianhospitals.com. Retrieved 13 August 2014.
  66. ↑ http://www.gphcity.com
  67. ↑ Onoyume, Jimitota (8 April 2009). "Nigeria: Why Rivers is Embarking on Port Harcourt City Project - Nwuke". AllAfrica.com. AllAfrica Global Media. Retrieved 2009-09-25.
  68. ↑ "Port Harcourt, Nigeria". Sister-cities.org. Sister Cities International. Retrieved 2014-06-15.
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