Periodic table (crystal structure)

For elements that are solid at standard temperature and pressure the table gives the crystalline structure of the most thermodynamically stable form(s) in those conditions. In all other cases the structure given is for the element at its melting point. Data is presented only for the first 112 elements (hydrogen through copernicium; it is not available for any further ones), and predictions are given for elements that have never been produced in bulk (astatine, francium, and elements 100–112).

Table

Crystal structure of elements in the periodic table
1 H HEX																	2 He HCP
3 Li BCC	4 Be HCP											5 B RHO	6 C HEX	7 N HEX	8 O SC	9 F SC	10 Ne FCC
11 Na BCC	12 Mg HCP											13 Al FCC	14 Si DC	15 P ORTH	16 S ORTH	17 Cl ORTH	18 Ar FCC
19 K BCC	20 Ca FCC	21 Sc HCP	22 Ti HCP	23 V BCC	24 Cr BCC	25 Mn BCC	26 Fe BCC	27 Co HCP	28 Ni FCC	29 Cu FCC	30 Zn HCP	31 Ga ORTH	32 Ge DC	33 As RHO	34 Se HEX	35 Br ORTH	36 Kr FCC
37 Rb BCC	38 Sr FCC	39 Y HCP	40 Zr HCP	41 Nb BCC	42 Mo BCC	43 Tc HCP	44 Ru HCP	45 Rh FCC	46 Pd FCC	47 Ag FCC	48 Cd HCP	49 In TETR	50 Sn TETR	51 Sb RHO	52 Te HEX	53 I ORTH	54 Xe FCC
55 Cs BCC	56 Ba BCC		72 Hf HCP	73 Ta BCC/TETR	74 W BCC	75 Re HCP	76 Os HCP	77 Ir FCC	78 Pt FCC	79 Au FCC	80 Hg RHO	81 Tl HCP	82 Pb FCC	83 Bi RHO	84 Po SC/RHO	85 At [FCC]	86 Rn FCC
87 Fr [BCC]	88 Ra BCC		104 Rf [HCP]	105 Db [BCC]	106 Sg [BCC]	107 Bh [HCP]	108 Hs [HCP]	109 Mt [FCC]	110 Ds [BCC]	111 Rg [BCC]	112 Cn [HCP]	113 Nh	114 Fl	115 Mc	116 Lv	117 Ts	118 Og
		57 La DHCP	58 Ce DHCP/FCC	59 Pr DHCP	60 Nd DHCP	61 Pm DHCP	62 Sm RHO	63 Eu BCC	64 Gd HCP	65 Tb HCP	66 Dy HCP	67 Ho HCP	68 Er HCP	69 Tm HCP	70 Yb FCC	71 Lu HCP
		89 Ac FCC	90 Th FCC	91 Pa TETR	92 U ORTH	93 Np ORTH	94 Pu MON	95 Am DHCP	96 Cm DHCP	97 Bk DHCP	98 Cf DHCP	99 Es FCC	100 Fm [FCC]	101 Md [FCC]	102 No [FCC]	103 Lr [HCP]

Legend:
…/… mixed structure
[…] predicted structure
BCC: body centered cubic
FCC: face centered cubic (cubic close packed)
HCP: hexagonal close packed
DHCP: double hexagonal close packed
ORTH: orthorhombic
TETR: tetragonal
RHO: rhombohedral
HEX: hexagonal
SC: simple cubic
DC: diamond cubic
MON: monoclinic
unknown or uncertain

Unusual structures

Usual crystal structures

Close packed metal structures

Many metals adopt close packed structures i.e. hexagonal close packed and face centred cubic structures (cubic close packed). A simple model for both of these is to assume that the metal atoms are spherical and are packed together in the most efficient way (close packing or closest packing). In closest packing every atom has 12 equidistant nearest neighbours, and therefore a coordination number of 12. If the close packed structures are considered as being built of layers of spheres then the difference between hexagonal close packing and face centred cubic is how each layer is positioned relative to others. Whilst there are many ways that can be envisaged for a regular buildup of layers:

• hexagonal close packing has alternate layers positioned directly above/below each other, A,B,A,B, ......... (also termed P6₃/mmc, Pearson symbol hP2, strukturbericht A3) .
• face centered cubic has every third layer directly above/below each other,A,B,C,A,B,C,.......(also termed cubic close packing, Fm3m, Pearson symbol cF4, strukturbericht A1) .
• double hexagonal close packing has layers directly above/below each other, A,B,A,C,A,B,A,C,.... of period length 4 like an alternative mixture of fcc and hcp packing (also termed P6₃/mmc, Pearson Symbol hP4, strukturbericht A3' ).^[8]
• α-Sm packing has a period of 9 layers A,B,A,B,C,B,C,A,C,.... (R3m, Pearson Symbol hR3, strukturbericht C19).^[9]

Hexagonal close packed

In the ideal hcp structure the unit cell axial ratio is ~ 1.633, However, there are deviations from this in some metals where the unit cell is distorted in one direction but the structure still retains the hcp space group—remarkable all the elements have a ratio of lattice parameters c/a < 1.633 (best are Mg and Co and worst Be with c/a ~ 1.568). In others like Zn and Cd the deviations from the ideal change the symmetry of the structure and these have a lattice parameter ratio c/a > 1.85.

Face centered cubic (cubic close packed)

More content relating to number of planes within structure and implications for glide/slide e.g. ductility.

Double hexagonal close packed

Similar to the ideal hcp structure, the perfect dhcp structure should have a lattice parameter ratio of ~ 3.267. In the real dhcp structures of 5 lanthanides (including β-Ce) variates between 1.596 (Pm) and 1.6128 (Nd). For the 4 known actinides dhcp lattices the corresponding number vary between 1.620 (Bk) and 1.625 (Cf).^[10]

Body centred cubic

This is not a close packed structure. In this each metal atom is at the centre of a cube with 8 nearest neighbors, however the 6 atoms at the centres of the adjacent cubes are only approximately 15% further away so the coordination number can therefore be considered to be 14 when these are included. Note that if the body centered cubic unit cell is compressed along one 4 fold axis the structure becomes face centred cubic (cubic close packed).

See also

• Crystal structure

References

General

• Actinides and the Environment, Edited by P.A. Sterne, A. Gonis and A.A. Borovoi, NATO ASI Series, Proc. of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Actinides and the Environment, Maleme, Crete, Greece, July 1996, Kluver Academic Publishers,. pp. 59–61. ISBN 0-7923-4968-7. 
• The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements, Edited by L.R. Morss, Norman M. Edelstein, Jean Fuger, 3rd. Edition, Springer 2007 ISBN 1402035551. ISBN 978-1402035555. 

External links

• Strukturbericht Type A – structure reports for the pure elements
• Crystal Structures for the solid chemical elements at 1 bar