Periodic point

In mathematics, in the study of iterated functions and dynamical systems, a periodic point of a function is a point which the system returns to after a certain number of function iterations or a certain amount of time.

Iterated functions

Given an endomorphism f on a set X

f:X\to X

a point x in X is called periodic point if there exists an n so that

\ f_{n}(x)=x

where $f_{n}$ is the nth iterate of f. The smallest positive integer n satisfying the above is called the prime period or least period of the point x. If every point in X is a periodic point with the same period n, then f is called periodic with period n.

If there exists distinct n and m such that

f_{n}(x)=f_{m}(x)

then x is called a preperiodic point. All periodic points are preperiodic.

If f is a diffeomorphism of a differentiable manifold, so that the derivative $f_{n}^{\prime }$ is defined, then one says that a periodic point is hyperbolic if

|f_{n}^{\prime }|\neq 1,

that it is attractive if

|f_{n}^{\prime }|<1,

and it is repelling if

|f_{n}^{\prime }|>1.

If the dimension of the stable manifold of a periodic point or fixed point is zero, the point is called a source; if the dimension of its unstable manifold is zero, it is called a sink; and if both the stable and unstable manifold have nonzero dimension, it is called a saddle or saddle point.

Examples

A period-one point is called a fixed point.

The logistic map

x_{{t+1}}=rx_{t}(1-x_{t}),\qquad 0\leq x_{t}\leq 1,\qquad 0\leq r\leq 4

exhibits periodicity for various values of the parameter r. For r between 0 and 1, 0 is the sole periodic point, with period 1 (giving the sequence 0, 0, 0, ..., which attracts all orbits). For r between 1 and 3, the value 0 is still periodic but is not attracting, while the value (r-1)/r is an attracting periodic point of period 1. With r greater than 3 but less than 1 + √6, there are a pair of period-2 points which together form an attracting sequence, as well as the non-attracting period-1 points 0 and (r-1)/r. As the value of parameter r rises toward 4, there arise groups of periodic points with any positive integer for the period; for some values of r one of these repeating sequences is attracting while for others none of them are (with almost all orbits being chaotic).

Dynamical system

Given a real global dynamical system (R, X, Φ) with X the phase space and Φ the evolution function,

\Phi :{\mathbb {R}}\times X\to X

a point x in X is called periodic with period t if there exists a t > 0 so that

\Phi (t,x)=x\,

The smallest positive t with this property is called prime period of the point x.

Properties

Given a periodic point x with period p, then $\Phi (t,x)=\Phi (t+p,x)\,$ for all t in R
Given a periodic point x then all points on the orbit $\gamma _{x}$ through x are periodic with the same prime period.

Periodic point

Iterated functions

Examples

Dynamical system

Properties

See also