Microcap stock fraud

The "night singer of shares" sold stock on the streets during the South Sea Bubble. Amsterdam, 1720.

Microcap stock fraud is a form of securities fraud involving stocks of "microcap" companies, generally defined in the United States as those with a market capitalization of under $250 million. Its prevalence has been estimated to run into the billions of dollars a year.[1][2][3] Many microcap stocks are penny stocks, which the SEC defines as a security that trades at less than $5 per share, is not listed on a national exchange, and fails to meet other specific criteria.[4]

Microcap stock fraud generally takes place among stocks traded on the OTC Bulletin Board and the Pink Sheets Electronic Quotation Service, stocks which usually do not meet the requirements to be listed on the stock exchanges. Some fraud occurs among stocks traded on the NASDAQ Small Cap Market, now called the NASDAQ Capital Market.[3]

Microcap fraud encompasses several types of investor fraud:

Pump and dump

Main article: Pump and dump

Many penny stocks, particularly those that trade for fractions of a cent, are thinly traded. They can become the target of stock promoters and manipulators.[6] These manipulators first purchase large quantities of stock, then drive up the share price through false and misleading positive statements, and then sell their shares at a large profit. This is referred to as a "pump and dump" scheme. The pump and dump is a form of microcap stock fraud. In more sophisticated versions of the fraud, individuals or organizations buy millions of shares, then use newsletter websites, chat rooms, stock message boards, press releases, or e-mail blasts to drive up interest in the stock. Very often, the perpetrator will claim to have inside information about impending news to persuade the unwitting investor to quickly buy the shares. When buying pressure pushes the share price up, the rise in price entices more people to believe the hype and to buy shares as well. Eventually the manipulators doing the "pumping" end up "dumping" when they sell their holdings.[7]

The expanding use of the Internet and personal communication devices has made penny stock scams easier to perpetrate.[8] Though not a scam per se, one notable example is rapper 50 Cent's use of Twitter to cause the price of a penny stock (HNHI) to increase dramatically. 50 Cent had previously bought 30 million shares of the company, and as a result made $8.7 million in profit.[9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] Another example of an activity that skirts the borderline between legitimate promotion and hype is the case of LEXG. Described (but perhaps overstated) as "the biggest stock promotion of all time", Lithium Exploration Group's market capitalization soared to over $350 million, after an extensive direct mail campaign. The promotion drew upon the legitimate growth in production and use of lithium, while touting Lithium Exploration Groups position within that sector. According to the company's December 31, 2010 form 10-Q (filed within months of the direct mail promotion), LEXG was a lithium company without assets. Its revenues and assets at that time were zero.[19][20] Subsequently, the company did acquire lithium production/exploration properties, and addressed concerns raised in the press.[21][22]

Penny stock companies often have low liquidity. Investors may encounter difficulty selling their positions after the buying pressure has abated, and the manipulators have fled.

Chop stocks

A chop stock is an equity, usually trading on the Nasdaq Stock Market, OTC Bulletin Board or Pink Sheets listing services, that is purchased at pennies per share and sold by unscrupulous stock brokers to unsuspecting retail customers at several dollars per share.[1][3]

This practice differs from a pump and dump in that the brokerages make money, in addition to hyping the stock, by marketing a security they purchase at a deep discount. In this practice, the brokerage firm generally acquires the block of stock by purchasing a large block of the securities (usually from a large shareholder who is not affiliated with the underlying company) at a negotiated price that is well below the current market price (generally 40% to 50% below the then-current quoted offer/ask price) or it acquires the stock as payment for a consulting agreement.[3]

The subject stocks usually have little or no liquidity prior to the block purchase. After the block is purchased, the firm's participating brokers will sell the stock to their brokerage customers at the then-current quoted offer/ask price, to the often victimized investors who are generally unaware of this practice. This large difference, or "spread" between the then-current quoted offer/ask price and the deeply discounted price the block of stock was purchased is almost always shared with the stockbroker at the firm who solicited the trade. For this reason, there is a large benefit and an inherent conflict of interest for the firm and the broker to sell these "proprietary products".

Because the firm is technically "at risk" on the block of stock (if the price of the stock drops below the price at which the block was purchased, the firm will be at a loss on the stock) and stock is usually sold at or even slightly below the then-current prevailing market price offer/ask, the practice is still legal in the United States. In fact, it is not required that this profit spread be disclosed to the client, since it is not technically a "commission". When a brokerage house sells such stock from its own inventory, a client will receive a trade confirmation stating the transaction was done as "Riskless Principal" or "Markup", which in fact, just like commissions, is also revenue to the firm, and such a practice is often subject to abuse. Only the amount of fees charged over and above the offer/ask are commissions, and must be disclosed. But even though it is still legal, it is frowned upon by the Securities Exchange Commission, and they are using other laws and methods of attack to indirectly thwart the practice.

Organized crime involvement

Microcap fraud has been a major source of income for organized crime.[23] Mob figures from each of the Five Families of the New York mafia, as well as the New Jersey mob, have become involved in stock scams. The Russian Mafia is also involved with this type of microcap stock fraud.

Mafia involvement in 1990s stock swindles was first explored by investigative reporter Gary Weiss in a December 1996 Business Week article.[24] Weiss later explored the Mafia's Wall Street scams in a book.[25]

Organized crime elements were believed to have been short-selling chop stocks in the late 1990s.[26]

Penny stock regulation

One method of regulating and restricting pump-and-dump manipulators is to target the category of stocks most often associated with this scheme. To that end, penny stocks have been the target of heightened enforcement efforts. In the United States, regulators have defined a penny stock as a security that must meet a number of specific standards. The criteria include price, market capitalization, and minimum shareholder equity. Securities traded on a national stock exchange, regardless of price, are exempt from regulatory designation as a penny stock,[27] since it is thought that exchange-traded securities are less vulnerable to manipulation.[28] Therefore, CitiGroup (NYSE:C) and other NYSE listed securities which traded below $1.00 during the market downturn of 2008–2009, while properly regarded as "low priced" securities, were not technically "penny stocks". Although penny stock trading in the United States is now primarily controlled through rules and regulations enforced by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA), the genesis of this control is found in State securities law. The State of Georgia was the first state to codify a comprehensive penny stock securities law.[29] Secretary of State Max Cleland, whose office enforced State securities laws[30] was a principal proponent of the legislation. Representative Chesley V. Morton, the only stockbroker in the Georgia General Assembly at the time, was principal sponsor of the bill in the House of Representatives. Georgia's penny stock law was subsequently challenged in court. However, the law was eventually upheld in U.S. District Court,[31] and the statute became the template for laws enacted in other states. Shortly thereafter, both FINRA and the SEC enacted comprehensive revisions of their penny stock regulations. These regulations proved effective in either closing or greatly restricting broker/dealers, such as Blinder, Robinson & Company, which specialized in the penny stocks sector. Meyer Blinder was jailed for securities fraud in 1992, after the collapse of his firm.[32] However, sanctions under these specific regulations lack an effective means to address pump-and-dump schemes perpetrated by unregistered groups and individuals.

Penny Stock Scam of India

Income Tax Authorities in India in 2006 under the leadership of the then Commissioner of Income Tax of Bangalore GM Belagali IRS and Additional Commissioner of Income Tax, Sibichen K Mathew IRS unearthed the 1.6 million dollar penny stock scam in Bangalore.[33] The scam is the fallout of nationwide income tax raids on the premises of businessmen in April 2006, suspecting large scale money laundering and tax evasion through ramping up shares of small firms. Around 25 premises were raided in Mumbai and 10 in Bangalore. After the raids, the Additional Commissioner set up a team and investigated this scam. They pursued the investigations and issued orders on December 31, 2008 that are said to have national ramifications. The team found that the traders had ramped up penny stocks to launder money an organised crime and a serious economic offence that has misused provisions of the Securities and Exchange Board of India and Registrar of Co-operatives. This route is chosen to use capital gains tax and legalise the unaccounted money. On April 28, the Central Board of Direct Taxes and the Ministry of Finance billed the case as the best investigation and assessment order of the year. The team picked up accounts of 30 Chikpet traders who were into penny stocks and found bogus claims through capital gains.[34][35][35][36]

The finding has also debunked the claim that demat is sacrosanct though the depository participation did not have any role in the manipulation, the demat procedure was misused.

Microcap stock fraud has been explored in several books and movies:

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 "Micro-cap Fraud," North American Securities Administrators Association
  2. "Pump and Dump Schemes," Securities and Exchange Commission
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Investors Beware: Chop Stocks Are on the Rise by Gary Weiss, Business Week, Dec. 15, 1997
  4. "Penny Stock Rules". United States Securities and Exchange Commission. 2008-04-04. Retrieved 18 October 2012.
  5. "Microcap Fraud: Underside of the Bull Market," Arizona Securities Commission
  6. SEC (2005-01-11). "Pump&Dump.con". U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. Retrieved 21 November 2006.
  7. FINRA (2012). "Spams and Scams". Financial Industry Regulatory Authority. Retrieved 29 July 2012.
  8. Harry Domash (2000-06-12). "Internet Makes Scams Easy". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 15 June 2006.
  9. Joe Weisenthal (10 January 2011). "50 Cent's Tweets Make A Staggering $50 Million In One Day". Business Insider. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
  10. Joe Weisenthal (10 January 2011). "How To Make $10 Million From Just One Weekend Of Tweeting". Business Insider. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
  11. Insiders' Blog (10 January 2011). "H & H Imports (HNHI) Jumps After Rapper 50cent Says "Buy"". streetinsider.com. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
  12. Chris Barth (11 January 2011). "Get Rich Or Die Tweetin'". Forbes. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
  13. Kaja Whitehouse (11 January 2011). "50 Cent millions". New York Post. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
  14. Kathy Kristof (18 January 2011). "What 50 Cent Co. Is Really Selling". CBS MoneyWatch. Retrieved 15 January 2014.
  15. Kathy Kristof (11 January 2011). "50 Cent: Penny Stock Pump & Dump?". CBS MoneyWatch. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
  16. Alex Moore (11 January 2011). "How Much Will 50 Cent Make if His Penny Stock Hits 50 Cents?". Death and Taxes Media. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
  17. Timothy Sykes (9 May 2011). "Rapper 50 Cent's Headphones "Sleek By 50" Canceled, H & H Imports, Inc. (HNHI) Stock In Freefall". timothysykes.com. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
  18. Timothy Sykes (9 May 2011). "H & H Imports, Inc. (HNHI) Stock Price Chart from 11 January 2011 to 9 May 2011". timothysykes.com. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
  19. "Lithium Exploration Group: Beware of Mailmen Bearing Gifts". Seeking Alpha. 10 May 2011. Retrieved 30 March 2012.
  20. Gary Weiss (1997-12-15). "Investors Beware". Business Week. Retrieved 15 June 2006.
  21. "Home - The Chairman's Blog". thechairmansblog.com. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
  22. "Lithium Exploration Group". The New York Times.
  23. SEC Testimony: Organized Crime on Wall Street (R. Walker)
  24. "The Mob on Wall Street," by Gary Weiss, Business Week, December 16, 1996
  25. Born to Steal: When the Mafia Hit Wall Street, Gary Weiss, 2003, Warner Books, ISBN 0-446-52857-9
  26. "The Mob is Busier Than the Feds Think," by Gary Weiss, Business Week, Dec. 15, 1997
  27. Securities and Exchange Commission (8 July 2005). "Amendments to the Penny Stock Rules" (PDF). Retrieved 10 June 2014.
  28. "SEC Charges Eight Participants in Penny Stock Manipulation Ring". U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. May 21, 2009.
  29. Stan Darden (March 20, 1990). "Georgia to OK Tough Law for Penny Stocks". Los Angeles Times. UPI.
  30. "Georgia Secretary of State". sos.ga.gov. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
  31. "Georgia Law Won't Hurt Brokers, Judge Rules". Deseret News. July 11, 1990.
  32. Diana B. Henriques (February 16, 2003). "Penny-Stock Fraud, From Both Sides Now". New York Times.
  33. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/2006-penny-stock-scam-may-touch-Rs-10000cr/articleshow/4479822.cms
  34. "Cyber Diary". sibichen.in. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
  35. 1 2 "Times of India Publications". web.archive.org. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
  36. "2006 penny stock scam may touch Rs 10000cr - The Times of India". The Times Of India.

Further reading

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