Parodius music

Parodius music is one of the more distinctive features about the Parodius series. The games contain an extensive use of classical music and other well-known music, in what could be termed as wacky remixes. According to Hidenori Maezawa, music composer for Parodiusu: Tako wa Chikyū o Sukū, the use of public domain classical music in the original Parodius was the result of having only a one month deadline to complete the entire soundtrack.[1] There are also a number of rehashes of in game music from Gradius and other Konami games—very little of the series' music was newly composed. There are even rearrangements of some popular music.

Official original soundtrack CDs

The Parodius series' soundtrack has been released in Japan on compact discs. These are the all of the Parodius music CDs known, and their catalogue numbers:

Parodiusu: Tako wa Chikyū o Sukū

In-Game Music Original Soundtrack Name Arrangement of
1st Planet: "Uru-Sei" Crime of Century "Concerto for Piano No. 1" by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
2nd Planet: "Shoubu-Sei" Right of Octopus Sonata No. 14 (Moonlight), Opus 27 No. 2, 3rd Movement by Ludwig van Beethoven
3rd Planet: "Meiwaku-Sei" Illusion of Octopus Peer Gynt Suite No. 1, 4th Movement, Hall of The Mountain King by Edvard Grieg

Fantaisie-Impromptu Op. 66 by Frédéric Chopin

4th Planet: "Meika-Sei" Crazy World 9th Symphony, "New World Symphony" 4th Movement by Antonín Leopold Dvořák

"The Parade of the Wooden Soldiers" by Leon Jessel

5th Planet: "You-Sei (Japanese Ghost Planet)" The Walts[sic] of Octopus "Swan Lake Suite" by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
6th Planet: "You-Sei (Fortress Planet)" Fate of Octopus Ride of The Valkyries by Wilhelm Richard Wagner

5th Symphony, 1st Movement by Ludwig van Beethoven

Extra Stage Sweet Emotion March of The Toreadors (from Carmen Suite No.1, Fantasia della Carmen) by Georges Bizet

Hungarian Rhapsody No. 2 by Franz Liszt

Crisis Crisis 4th Movement Symphony No.9, 4th Movement, Presto; "O Freunde, nicht diese Töne!" part Finale by Ludwig van Beethoven
Boss Boss BGM Flight of The Bumble Bee by Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov

Parodiusu Da! Shinwa kara Owarai e

In-Game Music Original Soundtrack Name Arrangement of
Opening Theme From the Myth into Comedy Gradius II - Title Demo, "Title Demo"
Dog Fight (Vic Viper) Vic Viper's Theme Gradius - Dog Fight, "Beginning of History" Re-Arrangement[2]
Dog Fight (Twinbee) TwinBee's Theme TwinBee - Level Start Jingle BGM
Dog Fight (Pentarou) Pentarou's Theme Antarctic Adventure - Start-Up BGM (At The Beginning)[2]
Stage 1 (Penguin Pirate's Cove) Island of Pirates "Thunder and Lightning Polka" by Johann Strauss Jr.
Mid-Boss (Stage 1, Stage 9) Crisis 4th Movement Symphony No.9 in D- 'Choral', Op.125, 4th Movement Presto; "O Freunde, nicht diese Töne!" part Finale by Ludwig van Beethoven
Boss (Stage 1, Random Stage, Stage 7, Stage 8) Boss! It's Parodius! "Flight of the Bumblebee" by Nicolai Rimsky-Korsakov
Stage 2 (Circus) Even the Patience of a Pierrot Has Limits "Piano Concerto No.1 in B-flat minor, op.23" by Piotr Ilyitch Tchaikovsky

"Dance of the Reed Pipes" from "The Nutcracker Suite" by Piotr Ilyitch Tchaikovsky

Stage 2 Midboss (Las Vegas Showgirl) Theme of Chichibinta Rika Stage 8-3, Gradius II (Vulcan Venture), "The Final Enemy"
Stage 2 Midboss (NES) (Miss Mishitarina) (?) Stage 8-3, Gradius II (Vulcan Venture), "The Final Enemy"
Stage 2 Boss (American Eagle) Theme of Eagle Satake Boss Theme from Gradius II (Vulcan Venture), "Take Care!"
Stage 3 Labyrinth "Trepak" from "The Nutcracker Suite" by Piotr Ilyitch Tchaikovsky

Finale from "William Tell Overture" by Gioacchino Rossini

Stage 3 Boss (Hot Lips) Theme of Hot Lips "Can-can" from "Orpheus in the Underworld" by Jacques Offenbach
Stage 3 (NES) (Amusement Park) (?) "Annen Polka, Op. 117" by "Johann Strauss II"
Stage 3 Boss (NES) (Duck Robot Toy) Boss! It's Parodius! "Flight of the Bumblebee" by Nicolai Rimsky-Korsakov
Stage 3 (Game Boy) (Ice Land) (?) Peer Gynt Suite No. 1, 4th Movement, Hall of The Mountain King by Edvard Grieg

Fantaisie-Impromptu Op. 66 by Frédéric Chopin

Stage 3 Boss (Game Boy) (Ice Brain) (?) (?)
Stage 4 Oh! Japanism! "The Sabre Dance" by Aram Khachaturian

(PSP version) "Hungarian Dance No. 5" by Johannes Brahms

(Boss Stage) "Yagibushi"

Random Stage (Space Battleship Moai) The Space Battleship Moai "L'Arlesienne Suite No 2, Farandole" by Georges Bizet

"The Old Stone Age", Gradius II

(Hidden Stage: Into the Battleship - NES version only) "Yagibushi"

Stage 6 Let's Get Fever with the Gunkan March Warship March, official march of the Imperial Japanese Navy and the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force, by Tokichi Setoguchi
Stage 6 Boss (Viva Core) Theme of Electric Spectaculared Core Contra Stage 3 - Waterfalls (At Beginning),[3][4] Boss Theme from the original Gradius, "Aircraft Carrier"
Stage 7 (BeautyFull Gals) BeautyFull[sic] Gals "Waltz of the Flowers" from "The Nutcracker Suite" by Piotr Ilyitch Tchaikovsky
Stage 8 Mottomo Kita-no Kunikara '90 "Violin Concerto in E Minor, Op. 64" by Felix Mendelssohn

"Under the Double Eagle March" by Josef Franz Wagner

Stage 9 (Graveyard) Night of the Living Dead "In the Hall of the Mountain King" from "Peer Gynt Suite" by Edvard Hagerup Grieg

"Symphony No. 3 'Eroica' in Eb, Op. 55, 2nd Movement (Marcia funebre: Adagio assai Funeral March)" by Ludwig van Beethoven

"Scene 1" from "Swan Lake, Op. 20" by Piotr Ilyitch Tchaikovsky

Stage 9 Boss (Feudal Japan Warlord Ghost) Theme of Yoshiwara Dayuu "The Storm" excerpt from "William Tell Overture" by Gioacchino Rossini
Super Famicom-only stage (Bath House) Hit the Showers! "Hungarian Dance No. 5" by Johannes Brahms

(Boss Stage) "Pictures at an Exhibition" by Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky

Final Stage Theme of the Octopus Fortress Final Stage (Zeos Fortress) from the original Gradius
Final Boss (Octopus) Theme of Golgoda the octopus Boss Theme from the original Gradius, "Aircraft Carrier"
OMAKE! "Lollipop" Challenge Stage Theme of Butashio (Super Famicom version only) Mayim Mayim / Israeli Folksong
(PC Engine version only) (?) "Méditation" from "Thaïs" by Jules Massenet
PC Engine Secret Track 1 Unknown Unknown
PC Engine Secret Track 2 Unknown "Gallop the Clown" by "Dmitry Kabalevsky"
PC Engine Secret Track 3 Unknown "Hungarian Dance No. 5" by Johannes Brahms
Secret Train Stage (PS1/Sega Saturn version only) Thunderforce Stage Stage 4 "Great Battleship" from Thunder Cross
Balance Test (x68000 version only) (?) (?)
Bonus Stage (Game Boy version only) (?) Finale from "William Tell Overture" by Gioacchino Rossini
Bonus Stage (Mobile Phones version only) (?) (?)

Gokujō Parodiusu - Kako no Eikō o Motomete

In-Game Music Official Soundtrack Song Name Arrangement of
Opening Theme Good Ol' Days Gradius III Opening Theme, "Prelude of Legend"
Player Select Theme Let's Go Together! "Sleeping Beauty Waltz" by Piotr Ilyitch Tchaikovsky
Dog Fight (Kid Dracula) (SNES) Dracula-kun's Theme Kid Dracula Stage 1 BGM - Go Go At The Great Castle / Castlevania III: Dracula's Curse Stage 1 BGM - Beginning[5]
Dog Fight (Goemon & Ebisumaru) (SNES) Goemon's Theme Ganbare Goemon 2 (Famicom) Stage 1 BGM - Journey Beginning
Dog Fight (Upa) (SNES) Upa's Theme Bio Miracle Bokutte Upa Overworld BGM - Rattle Samba
Stage 1 (Giant Crane Game) In the Crane Game "In the Mood" by Joe Garland

"Turkey in the Straw" / American Folk song / (Sony PSP version)

Stage 1 Boss (Giant Panda Ballerina) Dancing Panda Prelude to "Carmen" by Georges Bizet
Stage 2 (Cat Battleship Revisited) Cat Battleship Forever "Stars and Stripes Forever" by John Philip Sousa
Stage 2 Boss (Giant Mermaid) I Am Eliza (Original song arranged by Kukeiha Club)
Stage 3 (Realm of Sweets) Athletics Cry for the Candies "Tritsch-Tratsch-Polka" (Chit-Chat Polka) by Johann Strauss Jr.
Stage 3 Boss (Icing Gun Thingy) Cooking Mambo "Mambo No. 5" by Damaso Perez Prado

(PSP version) "The Parade of the Wooden Soldiers" by Leon Jessel

Special Stage (Space Battleship Moai Revisited) The Brothers' Ships Move Again "Ride of the Valkyries" by Wilhelm Richard Wagner

"The Old Stone Age", Gradius II

Special Stage Boss (Moai Headmistress Revisited) Yoshiko's and Yoshio's Love Zigeunerweisen (Gypsy Airs), Op.20 by Pablo de Sarasate

"Symphony No. 25 in G minor, Movement 1, Allegro con brio" by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Stage 4 (Highway) Run! Run! Run! Finale from "William Tell Overture" by Gioacchino Rossini
Stage 4 Boss (Traffic Light Machine) Kiss My Feet Boss Theme from the original Gradius, "Aircraft Carrier"
Stage 5 (Space Parade) Space Hit Parade Medley of several kids songs:
Stage 5 boss (Power-Up Capsule) Capsule Monster Cappuccino Piano Sonata No. 11 in A major, 3rd Movement, "Rondo alla Turca" (Turkish March) by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Stage 6 (Japanese Rabbits) What Do You See When You Are Jumping? Medley of several Japanese folk songs:
  • "Jyuugoya Otsuki-san" by Nagayo Motoori
  • "Kagome-kagome"
  • "Sakura Sakura" (Cherry Blossom)
  • "O-Edo Nihonbashi"
  • "Toryanse"
  • "Hanayome-Ningyou" by Haseo Sugiyama
Stage 6 Boss (Geisha Rabbit-Woman) Oh, Kaguya Princess! Japanese folk tune "Zui-Zui-Zukkoro bashi"
Final Stage (Dance Hall) Paro-Paro Dancing 9th Symphony, "New World Symphony" 4th Movement by Antonín Dvořák
Final Stage Mid-Boss (Las Vegas Showgirl Revisited) Rika, On the Beat Stage 8-3, Gradius II (Vulcan Venture), "The Final Enemy"
Final Stage Boss (Female Octopus) Kiss My Feet Boss Theme from the original Gradius, "Aircraft Carrier"
Special Stage Shooting Memories Medley of music from several Konami shooters:
  • Gradius, Stage 1, "Challenger 1985"
  • Twinbee, Fantastic Powers, Bell Power Up BGM
  • Salamander (Life Force), Stage 1, "Power of Anger"
  • A-Jax, Stage 1, "Command 770"
  • Gradius III, Stage 2, "Aqua Illusion"
  • Thunder Cross, Stage 2, "Sky Walker"
  • Gradius II, Stage 1 (Fire Stage), "Burning Heat"
Special Stage Boss Pentarou-X's Theme "Flight of the Bumblebee" by Nicolai Rimsky-Korsakov
Ending Theme Loving Farewell Ending Theme from Gradius II (Vulcan Venture), "Farewell"
Ranking Theme Premium Ranking! "Nutcracker March" from "The Nutcracker Suite" by Piotr Ilyitch Tchaikovsky
Unused Track Never Used Habanera from "Carmen" by Georges Bizet
Unused Track Never Used "Je Te Veux" by Erik Satie

"Blue Danube Waltz" by Johann Strauss Jr.

Play Again Theme Please Play Again, Ok! "Game Over" from Gradius II

Jikkyō Oshaberi Parodius

In-Game Music Soundtrack Name Arrangement of
Dog Fight (Vic Viper) Vic Viper & Lord British's Theme Gradius - Beginning of The History
Dog Fight (Kid Dracula) (PSX/Saturn) Dracula-kun's Theme Akumajō Special: Boku Dracula-kun:

Stage 2 BGM (Sky) - Hop and Step! Above the Clouds[6]

Stage 1 (Disco Hall) I Remember That! "That's the Way (I Like It)" from the 1975 eponymous album by K.C. and the Sunshine Band

Replaced by "Brilliant2U" from Dance Dance Revolution by Naoki Maeda (PSP re-release only)

Stage 1 Boss (Giant Disco Ball) Mirror Ball Forever (unknown)
Stage 1 Boss (Giant Ballerina Panda Revisited) Judy, My Love "Love is Calling Me" by Judy Ongg
Stage 2 (High School) The Tokimeki People's Dance (Super Famicom Version)

Days Of The Dream's Colors (Vocal Version of "The Tokimeki People's Dance") (PlayStation Version)

Westminster Quarters

Yuko's Theme, Tokimeki Memorial

Polovtsian Dances (Prince Igor's Theme) Alexandre Borodine

Shiori's Theme, Tokimeki Memorial

Stage 2 Boss (Giant Hikaru and Akane) Huge! Hikaru and Akane Reprise

"Csikos Post" by Hermann Necke

Stage 3 (TwinBee's World) Cherish the Blue Skies Given to Us

"Minuet in G" by Johann Sebastian Bach

Various Twinbee Music:

- Gift Of The Wind - Stage 1 BGM (Detana!! TwinBee)

- Laputa: Fortress In The Sky - Stage 3 BGM (Detana!! TwinBee)

Stage 3 Boss

(Dr. Mardock's Flagship) (Snes)

(Dr. Warumon's Battleship) (PSX & Saturn)

The Megami Ramei (Original song arranged by Kukeiha Club)
Stage 3 Boss (Lady Jiggly Boingbee) Come On, Sexy, Busty Bee "Kiss My Parasol" by TwinBee Yahho!'s Boss BGM 1
Stage 4 (Feudal Japan) Let's Go, Goemon is on His Way "Diamond Head" by The Ventures

Ganbare Goemon (Famicom) Stage 1 - Castle Town

Stage 4 Boss (Goemon Compact) It's Goemon Compact! Goemon 2: Kiteretsu Shogun Magginesu - Boss Theme
Stage 5 (Xexex parody stage) The Biscuit Waltz "Arabesque" by Claude Debussy and "Je Te Veux" by Erik Satie
Stage 5 Boss (Icing Gun Boss Revisited) Please Kiss Me Macchan Boss Theme from Gradius II (Vulcan Venture), "Take Care!"
Stage 6 (Lethal Enforcers) Hyper Patrol Man Desperate To Survive (The Hijack - Stage 3-1 BGM) (Lethal Enforcers)
Stage 6 Boss (SFC) (Puzzle Master) Let's Play With The Master "More Than A Victory" - Shogun's Theme (Last Boss) from Taisen Puzzle Dama (Arcade)
Stage 6 Boss 1 (PS1) (Train Cat) Choo Choo Cat Train (Original song arranged by Kukeiha Club)
Stage 6 Boss 2 (PS1) (Train Cat) Boss! It's Parodius! Flight of The Bumble Bee by Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov
Boss Rush Stage - (Prelude, First Boss: Core Warship Mk II) The Pachinko Payout Comes Fast and Furious Boss Theme from the original Gradius, "Aircraft Carrier"
Boss Rush Stage - (Boss 2: Horo Temple Ghost) A Monster Appears...What! Ganbare Goemon (The Legend of the Mystical Ninja - USA) - Boss Battle Theme
Boss Rush Stage - (Boss 3: Zakobee Revisited) Famous Music! Buttobe Gun Rascal! Pop'n TwinBee Boss Theme 1
Taisen Puzzle Dama Boss Rush Stage (PS1) (Boss 1: John Wan Jiro ) Wan Jiro's Garden

Dorenii - Mode Select Theme from Taisen Puzzle Dama (Arcade) (At The Beginning)

Suru Nou - Character Select Theme from Taisen Puzzle Dama (Arcade)

Taisen Puzzle Dama Boss Rush Stage (PS1) (Boss 2: Penkuro) The Fighting Penclaw!? "Hop, Step, Chance!" - Winning Chance Theme From Taisen Puzzle Dama (Arcade)
Taisen Puzzle Dama Boss Rush Stage (PS1) (Boss 3: "Shogun" The Puzzle Master) Let's Play With The Master! "More Than A Victory" - Shogun's Theme (Last Boss) from Taisen Puzzle Dama (Arcade)
Stage 7 - Prelude Let's Go to the Last Air Combat! Gradius III - Dog Fight #2, "Try To Star"
Stage 7 (Final Base) It's Fiesta Time! Parodius Da! - Opening Title, "Parodius Dance"

Gradius III, "Mechanical Base", Stage 10-1

Stage 7 (Fish Cannon Wall) Swim, Mr. Goldfish! Swish! Swish! Original Konami song
Stage 7 (Final Gauntlet) Summertime Tension Gradius III - Shadowdancer Area, "Final Shot"
Stage 7 (Final Boss Prelude) Dance, for We Are All Stupid! Stage 8-3, Gradius II (Vulcan Venture), "The Final Enemy"
Stage 7 (Final Boss) Over the Octopus Boss Theme from the original Gradius, "Aircraft Carrier"
OMAKE 1 Dinner's Next Door... Charge!! Serenade No. 13 in G for strings, "Eine Kleine Nachtmusik", 1st movement by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
OMAKE 2 Paruth - (P.1 Grand Prix) "TRUTH" by T-Square

Sexy Parodius

In-Game Music Official Soundtrack Song Name Arrangement of
Character Select Twinkle Assort "Twinkle Twinkle Little Star" AKA "Variation No. 5 on 'Ah Vous Dirais-Je, Maman' ", K.265/300e by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Dog Fight (Option) Option & Multiple's Theme (Original song arranged by Kukeiha Club)
Dog Fight (Shooting Star) Shooting Star's Theme "Twin Flight" by TwinBee Yahho!
Dog Fight (Black Viper) Departure for Sexy Gradius III - Dog Fight #1, "Departure for Space" Re-Arrangement
Stage 1 (North Farm) Pastoral March "Hokkaido ha dokoniaru? Kokoniaru!"(intro) / Gontiti

"American Patrol" by Frank W. Meacham

"My Old Kentucky Home" / Stephen C. Foster

Stage 1 Boss (Corn Chiwa) Corn Chiwa's Insane Poem "Fuchs, du hast die Gans gestohlen" by Ernst Anschütz
Stage 2 (Bath House) Sonic Speed Bath "Csikos Post" by Hermann Necke
Stage 2 Boss (Toilet-Hat Penguin) Toilet Seat and the Penguin "Summ, Summ, Summ, Bienchen" by Hoffmann V. Fallersleben, Bohemian Folksong

Famous Circus theme "Thunder and Blazes" from "Entry of the Gladiators" by Julius Fučík

Stage 3A (Geisha Palace) Yie Ar Kung-Fu Goes to the Dragon Palace Start-Up Jingle - Yie Ar Kung-Fu (NES)

1 -5 Battles BGM - Yie Ar Kung-Fu (Arcade)

5 - 11 Battles BGM - Yie Ar Kung-Fu (Arcade)

Stage 3A Boss (Otohime) Lovely Otohime Mayim Mayim / Israeli Folksong

(PSP version) Russian folk song "Korobushka"

Stage 3B (Mice-infested Mansion) Chu Chu Polka "Vampire Killer", Stage 1, original CastleVania

Polish folk song, "Clarinet Polka"

Stage 3B Boss (Medusa) Welcome, Kid "Poison Mind", Boss Theme, original CastleVania

"Hungarian Dance No. 5" by Johannes Brahms

Stage 4A (Girl Warehouse) Please, Help Me! "El Bimbo" by Claude Ciari

(overseas edition) "Symphony No.40" by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Stage 4A Boss (Foreman Crane Machine) The Crowded Dance Habanera aria from "Carmen" by Georges Bizet
Stage 4B (Mines) The Moon Appeared "Tankoubushi" Japanese Folksong

"Hokkai Bon'uta" Japanese Bon Festival Song

Stage 4B Boss (Psychokinetic Giant Raccoon) Tanuko's Destiny Symphony No. 5 in C-minor, Op. 67, 1st Movement by Ludwig van Beethoven

Serenade No. 13 in G for strings, Eine Kleine Nachtmusik, 1st movement by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

"Genkotsuyama no Tanukisan" Japanese Children's Song

Stage 5 (Sky Treasure) Let's Sing! American Civil War song "Battle Hymn of the Republic" by Julia Ward Howe

"J'ai perdu le do de ma clarinette" French Folksong

Stage 5 Boss (Candy Core) Destroy the Candy! Boss Theme from the original Gradius, "Aircraft Carrier"
Boss Rush Stage - (Boss 1: Capsule Monster) Capsule Monster Cappuccino Piano Sonata in A, 3rd Movement, "Rondo Alla Turca" (Turkish March) by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Boss Rush Stage - (Boss 2: Penguin Pirate) Boss! It's Parodius! "Flight of the Bumblebee" by Nicolai Rimsky-Korsakov
Boss Rush Stage - (Boss 3: American Eagle) Theme of Eagle Satake Boss Theme from Gradius II (Vulcan Venture), "Take Care!"
Boss Rush Stage - (Boss 4: Hot Lips) Theme of Hot Lips "Can-Can" from "Orpheus from the Underworld" by Jacques Offenbach
Boss Rush Stage - (Boss 5: Lady in a Clam Shell) Yūko is Your Enemy "Preludes Op.28 #7" by Frédéric Chopin

"Scene 1" from "Swan Lake, Op. 20" by Piotr Ilyitch Tchaikovsky

Stage 6 (Taj Mahal) Hallelujah, At Last! Hallelujah Chorus from "The Messiah" by George Frideric Handel

"Hornpipe from Water Music" by George Frideric Handel

Stage 6 Boss (Giant Sexy Naked Woman) I am Kaori Normal Boss theme from Gradius III, "Dark Force"
Special Stage Maniac Shooting Remix of music from several Konami shooters:
  • "Challenger 1985", Gradius, (Stage 1)
  • "Air Battle", Thunder Cross II, (Stage 1)
  • "Counter Attack", Flak Attack/MX5000, (Stage 1)
  • "Crystal World", Gradius II, (Stage 3)
  • "Sturdy Wings", Lightning Fighters/Trigon (Stage 3 & 4)
  • "Mechanical Base", Gradius III, (Stage 10-1)
Special Stage Boss Am I Sexy? Bagatelle No.25 in A- "Fur Elise", WoO.59 by Ludwig van Beethoven
Play Again Theme Come Play Again, Ok "Crystal Forever" from Salamander (Life Force)

References

  1. "Retronauts: 1UP's Classic Gaming Blog : An interview with Konami's Hidenori Maezawa, pt. 3". 1UP.com. 2009-01-15. Retrieved 2011-10-05.
  2. 1 2 "Vic Viper's And Pentarou's Theme - History Pehind Parodius". YouTube. 2010-09-30. Retrieved 2013-08-19.
  3. "Stage 3: Contra Music". YouTube. 2008-02-20. Retrieved 2013-08-19.
  4. "Parodius Da! (PSX) Vic Viper Playthrough - Stage 6". YouTube. 2013-04-21. Retrieved 2013-08-19.
  5. "Dracula-Kun's Themes - History Pehind Parodius". YouTube. Retrieved 2013-08-19.
  6. "Dracula-Kun's Themes - History Pehind Parodius". YouTube. Retrieved 2013-08-19.
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