Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect phonology

Not to be confused with the phonology of Standard Dutch as it is spoken in Orsmaal-Gussenhoven.

This article is about the phonology of the Orsmaal-Gussenhoven subdialect of Brabantian.

Consonants

Consonant phonemes[1]
Labial Alveolar Postalveolar Dorsal Glottal
hard soft hard soft
Nasal m n ŋ
Stop voiceless p t k
voiced b d
Fricative voiceless f s ʃ x h
voiced v z ʒ ɣ
Approximant β l j
Rhotic r

Obstruents

Sonorants

Example words for consonants[3]
Voiceless Voiced
Phoneme IPA Meaning Phoneme IPA Meaning
/p/ /pak/ 'pack' /b/ /bak/ 'box'
/t/ /taks/ 'tax' /d/ /dak/ 'roof'
/tʲ/ /mʊtʲ/ 'courage'
/k/ /kak/ 'excrement'
/kʲ/ /kraːkʲ/ 'jug'
/m/ /maː/ 'sleeve'
/n/ /naː/ 'now'
/ŋ/ /rɪŋ/ 'ring'
/f/ /fɛːn/ 'fine' /v/ /vɛːs/ 'screw'
/s/ /ˈsœmɪxə/ 'some' /z/ /zœxt/ 'addiction'
/ʃ/ /ʃɒːs/ 'chance' /ʒ/ /ʒɒː/ 'Jean'
/x/ /ˈlaxə/ 'laugh' /ɣ/ /ˈdaːɣə/ 'days'
/h/ /haːs/ 'house'
/β/ /βa/ 'what'
/l/ /laː/ 'lazy'
/j/ /jaː/ 'yes'
/r/ /raː/ 'mourning'

Final devoicing and assimilation

Just like Standard Dutch, Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect devoices all obstruents at the ends of words.[3]

Morpheme-final /p, t, k/ may be voiced if a voiced plosive or a vowel follows.[3]

Vowels

The Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect contains 18 monophthong and 12 diphthong phonemes. A notable feature of it are quite unusual contrasts between /eː/, /ei/ and /ɛɪ/, as well as between /øː/, /øy/ and /œʏ/.[5]

Monophthongs

Monophthongs of the Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect, from Peters (2010:241)
Monophthong phonemes[6]
Front Central Back
unrounded rounded unrounded rounded
short long short long short long short long
Close (y)
Near-close j ʏ ʊ
Close-mid øː (o)
Open-mid ɛ ɛː œ œː ə ɔ
Open a ɒ ɒː
Example words for monophthongs[6]
Short Long
Phoneme IPA Meaning Phoneme IPA Meaning
/j/ /blɪk/ 'plate' /iː/ /bliːk/ 'bleaching'
/ʏ/ /rʏx/ 'back' /yː/ /dryːx/ 'dry'
/ʊ/ /ʊx/ 'you' /uː/ /uːx/ 'eye'
/eː/ /zeːx/ 'saw'
/øː/ /køːl/ 'cold' (adj.)
/ɔ/ /mɔt/ 'moth' /oː/ /roːp/ '(I) pick up'
/ə/ /də/ 'the'
/ɛ/ /βɛl/ 'well' /ɛː/ /zɛːx/ 'sieve'
/œ/ /mœl/ 'mull' /œː/ /œːl/ 'owl'
/a/ /mat/ 'market' /aː/ /raː/ 'mourning'
/ɒ/ /mɒt/ 'mat' /ɒː/ /rɒː/ 'raw'

Diphthongs

Non-centering diphthongs of the Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect, from Peters (2010:241)
Centering diphthongs of the Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect, from Peters (2010:241). /ɔə/ is not shown.
Diphthong phonemes[10]
Starting point Ending point
Front Central Back
Close
Close-mid ei øy
Mid əʊ
Open-mid ɛɪ œʏ ɛə ɔə ɞʊ
Open
Example words for diphthongs[10]
Phoneme IPA Meaning
/uɪ/ /kuɪ/ 'cow'
/iə/ /kiəs/ 'cherry'
/ei/ /sxeit/ '(I) shoot'
/øy/ /zøyk/ '(I) search'
/eə/ /keəs/ 'cheese'
/əʊ/ /məʊ/ 'mom'
/ɛɪ/ /sxɛɪt/ 'fart'
/œʏ/ /rœʏk/ 'smell'
/ɛə/ /kɛəs/ 'candle'
/ɔə/ /bɔət/ 'beard'
/ɞʊ/ /mɞʊs/ 'mud'
/aɪ/ /maɪ/ 'marble'
/aʊ/ /ˈpaʊzə/ 'portion'

Prosody

Stress

Stress location is the same as in Belgian Standard Dutch. In compounds made of two nouns, primary stress may in some words fall on the head noun, e.g. [stɒtˈhaːs] 'town house'.[9]

Many loanwords from French preserve their original stress, which may cause the preceding vowel to be reduced, e.g. [kəˈdaʊ̯] 'cadeau'.[9]

Non-distinctive accent

Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect does not have a lexical tone distinction. However, Peters (2010) states that "it appears to use 'non-distinctive accent', which shows phonetic features of accent 2 of Limburgian dialects."[11]

Sample

The sample text is a reading of The North Wind and the Sun, read by a female native speaker. The orthographic version is written in Standard Dutch, adjusted by Peters (2010) to match the dialectal version more closely.[12]

Phonetic transcription

[də ˈnœrdərβ̞ɪnt ʔɛn də zɔn ˈʔadən ən dɪsˈkøːsə ˈɛvə də vɾoːx | β̞i van ən tβ̞iː də ˈstɛɾəkstə β̞as | tʏn dʏɪ ʒyst ˈɛmant v̥œrˈbɛːkɔm bə nən ˈdɪkə ˈβ̞aɾəmə ja̰s a̰ːn || z̥ə ˈspraːkə ɔf | da β̞ɛə̯ də vərˈbɛːɣaŋəɾ͡ɹ̝ zaʊ̯ dər̝ tœ ˈkrɛːɣə ˈzɛnə jas ˈaːtətrɛkə | də ˈstɛɾəçstə z̥a̰ʊ̯ z̥ɛ̰n || d̥ə ˈnœrd̥ərβ̞ɪntˢ | bəˈɣɔn ɛt ˈalˠə maxt tə ˈblɔə̯z̥ə | ma u ˈhatər dat ər ˈbleːs | dɛs tə ˈfɛldər̝ trɒks də v̥ərˈbɛːɣaŋə ˈz̥ɛnə jas təʊ̯ || œtˈɛːndəlɪk | ɣ̊av də ˈnœrdərβ̞ɪnt ʊ̝pᶲ || dəˈnoː bəˈɣ̊ɔs̬ də ˈzɔn ˈkraxtɪç tə ˈstroːlə | ɛn dəˈrɛk trɔk də vəˈbɛːɣaŋɐ ˈz̥ɛnə jas ˈa̰ːtˢ || də ˈnœrdərβ̞ɪnt | mʊs ˈtəʊ̯ɣɛːvə dat də ˈzɔn də ˈstɛ̰ɾəkstə β̞a̰s][4]

Orthographic version

De noordenwind en de zon hadden een discussie over de vraag wie van hun tweeën de sterkste was, toen er juist iemand voorbij kwam met een dikke, warme jas aan. Ze spraken af dat wie de voorbijganger zou ertoe krijgen zijn jas uit te trekken de sterkste zou zijn. De noordenwind begon uit alle macht te blazen, maar hoe harder dat hij blies, des te dichter trok de voorbijganger zijn jas toe. Uiteindelijk gaf de noordenwind op. Daarna begon de zon krachtig te stralen, en direct trok de voorbijganger zijn jas uit. De noordenwind moest toegeven dat de zon de sterkste was.[4]

References

Bibliography

  • Peters, Jörg (2010), "The Flemish–Brabant dialect of Orsmaal–Gussenhoven", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 40 (2): 239–246, doi:10.1017/S0025100310000083 
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