Nitrous acid
 | |
| Names | |
|---|---|
| Preferred IUPAC name
Nitrous acid | |
| Systematic IUPAC name
Hydroxidooxidonitrogen | |
| Identifiers | |
7782-77-6  | |
| 3D model (Jmol) | Interactive image |
| 3DMet | B00022 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:25567 |
| ChEMBL | ChEMBL1161681 |
| ChemSpider | 22936 |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.029.057 |
| EC Number | 231-963-7 |
| 983 | |
| KEGG | C00088  |
| MeSH | Nitric+acid |
| PubChem | 24529 |
| |
| |
| Properties | |
| HNO2 | |
| Molar mass | 47.013 g/mol |
| Appearance | Pale blue solution |
| Density | Approx. 1 g/ml |
| Melting point | Only known in solution |
| Acidity (pKa) | 3.398 |
| Hazards | |
| Flash point | Non-flammable |
| Related compounds | |
| Other anions |
Nitric acid |
| Other cations |
Sodium nitrite Potassium nitrite Ammonium nitrite |
| Related compounds |
Dinitrogen trioxide |
| Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). | |
| verify (what is ?) | |
| Infobox references | |
Nitrous acid (molecular formula HNO2) is a weak and monobasic acid known only in solution and in the form of nitrite salts.
Nitrous acid is used to make diazides from amines; this occurs by nucleophilic attack of the amine onto the nitrite, reprotonation by the surrounding solvent, and double-elimination of water. The diazide can then be liberated to give a carbene or carbenoid.
Structure
In the gas phase, the planar nitrous acid molecule can adopt both a cis and a trans form. The trans form predominates at room temperature, and IR measurements indicate it is more stable by around 2.3 kJ mol−1.[1]
 |  |  |
(from the microwave spectrum) |
Preparation
When cold, dilute solutions of nitrite ion, NO2− are carefully acidified, a light blue solution of nitrous acid is produced. Free nitrous acid is unstable and decomposes rapidly. It can be produced by dissolving dinitrogen trioxide in water according to the equation
- N2O3 + H2O → 2 HNO2
Decomposition
In anything other than very dilute, cold solutions, nitrous acid rapidly decomposes into nitrogen dioxide, nitric oxide, and water:
- 2 HNO2 → NO2 + NO + H2O
Nitrogen dioxide disproportionates into nitric acid and nitrous acid in aqueous solution:[2]
- 2 NO2 + H2O → HNO3 + HNO2
In warm or concentrated solutions, the overall reaction amounts to production of nitric acid, water, and nitric oxide:
- 3 HNO2 → HNO3 + 2 NO + H2O
Chemistry
Inorganic chemistry
Reduction of the acid gives different products, depending on the reducing agent:[3]
With I− and Fe2+ ions, NO is formed:
- 2 KNO2 + 2 KI + 2 H2SO4 → I2 + 2 NO + 2 H2O + 2 K2SO4
- 2 KNO2 + 2 FeSO4 + 2 H2SO4 → Fe2(SO4)3 + 2 NO + 2 H2O + K2SO4
With Sn2+ ions, N2O is formed:
- 2 KNO2 + 6 HCl + 2 SnCl2 → 2 SnCl4 + N2O + 3 H2O + 2 KCl
With SO2 gas, NH2OH is formed:
- 2 KNO2 + 6 H2O + 4 SO2 → 3 H2SO4 + K2SO4 + 2 NH2OH
With Zn in alkali solution, NH3 is formed:
- 5 H2O + KNO2 + 3 Zn → NH3 + KOH + 3 Zn(OH)2
With N2H5+, HN3, and subsequently, N2 gas is formed:
- HNO2 + [N2H5]+ → HN3 + H2O + H3O+
- HNO2 + HN3 → N2O + N2 + H2O
Oxidation by nitrous acid has a kinetic control over thermodynamic control, this is best illustrated that dilute nitrous acid is able to oxidize I− to I2, but dilute nitric acid cannot.
- I2 + 2 e− ⇌ 2 I− {Eo = +0.54 V}
- NO3− + 3 H+ + 2 e− ⇌ HNO2 + H2O {Eo = +0.93 V}
- HNO2 + H+ + e− ⇌ NO + H2O {Eo = +0.98 V}
It can be seen that the values of Ecello for these reactions are similar, but nitric acid is a more powerful oxidizing agent. Base on the fact that dilute nitrous acid can oxidize iodide into iodine, it can be deduced that nitrous is a faster, rather than a more powerful, oxidizing agent than dilute nitric acid.[3]
Organic chemistry
Nitrous acid is used to prepare diazonium salts:
- HNO2 + ArNH2 + H+ → ArN2+ + 2 H2O
where Ar is an aryl group.
Such salts are widely used in organic synthesis, e.g., for the Sandmeyer reaction and in the preparation azo dyes, brightly colored compounds that are the basis of a qualitative test for anilines.[4] Nitrous acid is used to destroy toxic and potentially explosive sodium azide. For most purposes, nitrous acid is usually formed in situ by the action of mineral acid on sodium nitrite:[5] It is mainly blue in colour
- NaNO2 + HCl → HNO2 + NaCl
- 2 NaN3 + 2 HNO2 → 3 N2 + 2 NO + 2 NaOH
Reaction with two α-hydrogen atoms in ketones creates oximes, which may be further oxidized to a carboxylic acid, or reduced to form amines. This process is used in the commercial production of adipic acid.
Nitrous acid reacts rapidly with aliphatic alcohols to produce alkyl nitrites, which are potent vasodilators:
- (CH3)2CH-CH2-CH2-OH + HNO2 → (CH3)2CH-CH2-CH2-ONO + H2O
Atmosphere of the Earth
Nitrous acid is involved in the ozone budget of the lower atmosphere: the troposphere. The heterogeneous reaction of nitric oxide (NO) and water produces nitrous acid. When this reaction takes place on the surface of atmospheric aerosols, the product readily photolyses to hydroxyl radicals.
See also
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to nitrous acid. |
References
- ↑ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0-08-037941-9. p. 462
- ↑ Kameoka, Yohji; Pigford, Robert (February 1977). "Absorption of Nitrogen Dioxide into Water, Sulfuric Acid, Sodium Hydroxide, and Alkaline Sodium Sulfite Aqueous". Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundamen. 16 (1): 163–169. doi:10.1021/i160061a031.
- 1 2 Catherine E. Housecroft; Alan G. Sharpe (2008). "Chapter 15: The group 15 elements". Inorganic Chemistry, 3rd Edition. Pearson. p. 449. ISBN 978-0-13-175553-6.
- ↑ Clarke, H. T.; Kirner, W. R. "Methyl Red" Organic Syntheses, Collected Volume 1, p.374 (1941). http://www.orgsyn.org/orgsyn/pdfs/CV1P0374.pdf
- ↑ Prudent practices in the laboratory: handling and disposal of chemicals. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. 1995. ISBN 0-309-05229-7.