Niemba Ambush

Niemba Ambush
Part of the Congo Crisis
Date 8 November 1960 Location Niemba, Katanga Province, Congo (region claimed by State of Katanga) Result Baluba victory
Belligerents
ONUC  Ireland	Luba warriors
Commanders and leaders
Kevin Gleeson †	Unknown
Strength
11 men	100 men
Casualties and losses
9 killed 1 wounded	25 killed Unknown wounded

The Niemba Ambush took place on 8 November 1960,^[1] when an Irish Army platoon in the Congo was ambushed and all of its men killed or forced to flee by Baluba tribesmen, the first time being embroiled in battle against a foreign nation's army since the Irish war of Independence. Ireland had deployed troops as United Nations Operation in the Congo (ONUC) peacekeepers.

The notoriety of the attack, and the allegations of mutilation and cannibalism that circulated in the Irish popular press in its aftermath, led to the word "baluba" becoming in Ireland for a period a synonym for any "untrustworthy and barbaric" individual.^[2]

However, the ambush was largely the result of mistaken identity. The Baluba tribesmen seem to have mistaken the Irish UN troops for Katangan European mercenaries, with whom they had recently been in conflict, the Balubas being opposed to Katangan secession. The Irish were part of a UN contingent that was sent to halt the Katangan secession from the Congo.^[3]

Background

After the Belgian Congo became independent (as Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)) in 1960, a civil war broke out in Katanga, the southern, mineral-rich province of the Congo. A separatist movement was fueled by the continued desire of mining companies to control the resources in the region as well as by local and tribal grievances. A local political leader, Moise Tshombe declared independence for Katanga, backed tacitly by former colonial power Belgium and by France and Britain.^[4] United Nations peacekeeping troops were invited to help restore order and to end the Katanga secession. Ireland supplied troops as part of the UN force at the behest of Irish diplomat Conor Cruise O'Brien, who at that time was the UN special representative for Katanga.^[5]

The Baluba tribe did not support the Katangan secession due to tribal links with Congo leader Patrice Lumumba. As a result they came under attack from pro-Katangan and allied forces. The area around the railway station at Niemba suffered several raids by both Baluba and local Pygmy tribes. On 4 October, several villages were attacked by Katangan police and European mercenaries and many Baluba were massacred. This left them suspicious of and hostile to any white European troops.^[6] Most surrounding villages has been deserted by their inhabitants. Irish troops were sent to the area to secure it and encourage local people to return. A search of the area identified a damaged bridge, which a patrol was sent to, with a mission to effect repairs if possible.^[6]

Ambush

On 8 November, an eleven-man section from the Irish 33rd Battalion arrived at the bridge over the Luweyeye River. They were forced to leave their vehicles when they encountered a blockade on the road. While clearing it, they encountered about 100 Baluba tribesmen armed with bows, poison-tipped arrows, spears and clubs, as well as some guns. While the Irish troops had arrived to protect the Balubas, the tribesmen undoubtedly took them for Katangan mercenaries. Lieutenant Kevin Gleeson, advancing unarmed with his platoon sergeant, Hugh Gaynor, attempted to greet them peacefully, but was hit with a barrage of poison-tipped arrows.^[1]

The section leader, Lt. Kevin Gleeson and Sergeant Gaynor were overtaken and beaten and hacked to death. The surprised Irish soldiers, who had not been deployed in a defensive formation after dismounting from their vehicles, retreated behind trees on either side of the road and opened fire on the tribesmen with their Gustav submachine guns, Lee–Enfield rifles and Bren light machine guns. The Balubas however advanced on them, and the Irish were cut off from their vehicles. Despite taking heavy losses, the Baluba overran the Irish soldiers and fierce hand-to-hand fighting broke out, during which most of the Irish troops were killed.^[1]

The surviving Irish troops regrouped by a ridge but were surrounded by the Baluba, and fought to hold them off, but their position was rapidly overrun, and all but three of them were killed. The three survivors managed to escape. One of them, Anthony Browne, reached a nearby village and gave all the money he had to the village women, hoping they would get him help, but was instead mobbed and beaten to death by the village men. His body was recovered two years later. The two surviving soldiers managed to hide and were found by other UN troops the following day.^[1]

A total of nine Irish soldiers died: Lt. Kevin Gleeson of Carlow, Sgt. Hugh Gaynor of Leixlip, Cpl. Peter Kelly of Templeogue, Cpl. Liam Dougan of Cabra, Pt. Matthew Farrell of Jamestown, Dublin, Tpr. Thomas Fennell of Donnycarney, Tpr. Anthony Browne of Rialto, Pte. Michael McGuinn of Carlow, and Pte. Gerard Killeen of Rathmines. Some 25 Baluba tribesmen were also killed.

Aftermath

The bodies of the Irish dead were flown to Casement Aerodrome in Baldonnel, where they lay in state. Lt. Kevin Gleeson's coffin was placed on a gun carriage, while those of the rest were placed on army trucks. Following a funeral procession through Dublin, they were buried at Glasnevin Cemetery. For his conduct during the ambush, 19-year-old Trooper Browne was posthumously awarded the Military Medal for Gallantry, Ireland's highest military award. He was the first recipient of the award. The citation read: "He endeavoured to create an opportunity to allow an injured comrade to escape by firing his Gustaf thereby drawing attention to his own position which he must have been aware would endanger his life. He had a reasonable opportunity to escape because he was not wounded but chose to remain with an injured comrade."^[7] At the time it was assumed that Browne had been killed at the scene. It was only later discovered that he had survived for two days before being killed in a separate attack.

A stone commemorating Lt. Gleeson can be found in his hometown of Carlow.^[8]

Thomas Kenny, one of the survivors, believes that the real circumstances of Anthony's Browne's death were misrepresented by the army, because they wished to have a hero to offer to the public. The wording of the citation implied that Browne had died trying to protect the wounded Kenny, by moving into the open and drawing fire on himself, letting an opportunity to escape pass. In fact he did escape into the forest.^[9]

Effects in Ireland

Fionn Rogan argues that the massacre had a devastating effect in Ireland, where there had been strong support for the Congo expedition:

The effect of the Niemba ambush on Irish society’s perception of the army was massive. The attack punctured the swelling pride that was emboldening the nation. The professionalism of our soldiers was called into question, which wasn’t received well in Ireland. It presented a stumbling block to the development of the Irish military and Ireland’s position as an international force. However Ireland managed to regain its composure. Ireland’s position in future UN peacekeeping operations was preserved due to an impressive handling of the siege at Jadotville the following September.^[2]

The Baluba has long been associated with acts of cannibalism.^[10] Lurid stories circulated in the Irish popular press that the bodies of the victims had been mutilated and that their hearts had been removed to be eaten by the Baluba.^[11] As a result, "baluba" became a synonym for "barbarian".

References