New Kingdom of Granada

New Kingdom of Granada
Kingdom of the New Granada
Nuevo Reino de Granada
Reino de la Nueva Granada
Colony of the Spanish Empire
16th century–1739
Burgundian Saltire Coat of arms of Bogotá
The New Kingdom of Granada
Capital Santa Fe de Bogotá
Languages Castilian
Religion Roman Catholic
Government Monarchy
King Kings of Spain
Viceroy Viceroys of New Granada
Historical era Spanish colonization of the Americas
   Established 16th century
  Viceroyalty established. July 17, 1712
  Viceroyalty suppressed; kingdom autonomous again November 5, 1723
   Disestablished August 20, 1739
Currency Real
Succeeded by
Viceroyalty of New Granada
Today part of  Colombia

The New Kingdom of Granada (Spanish: Nuevo Reino de Granada), or Kingdom of the New Granada, was the name given to a group of 16th-century Spanish colonial provinces in northern South America governed by the president of the Audiencia of Bogotá, an area corresponding mainly to modern-day Colombia, Panama and Venezuela. The conquistadors originally organized it as a captaincy general within the Viceroyalty of Peru. The crown established the audiencia in 1549. Ultimately the kingdom became part of the Viceroyalty of New Granada first in 1717 and permanently in 1739. After several attempts to set up independent states in the 1810s, the kingdom and the viceroyalty ceased to exist altogether in 1819 with the establishment of Gran Colombia.[1]

History

Old map of Tierra Firme, showing the initial divisions of the region

Discovery and settlement

In 1514, the Spanish first permanently settled in the area. With Santa Marta (founded on July 29, 1525 by the Spanish conquistador Rodrigo de Bastidas) and Cartagena (1533), Spanish control of the coast was established, and the extension of colonial control into the interior could begin. Starting in 1536, the conquistador Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada explored the extensive highlands of the interior of the region, by following the Magdalena River into the Andean cordillera. There his force defeated the powerful Muisca and founding the city of Santa Fé de Bogotá (c. 1538, currently Bogotá) and naming the region El nuevo reino de Granada, "the new kingdom of Granada", in honor of the last part of Spain to be recaptured from the Moors, home to the brothers De Quesada. After Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada left for Spain in May 1539, the reign of the colony was transferred to his brother Hernán. De Quesada, however, lost control of the province when Emperor Charles V granted the right to rule over the area to rival conquistador, Sebastián de Belalcázar, in 1540, who had entered the region from what is today Ecuador, and named himself governor of Popayán.

Regularization of the government

Belalcázar's victory placed the region under the Viceroyalty of Peru, which was being organized at the time. Charles V ordered the establishment of an audiencia, a type of superior court that combined executive and judicial authority, at Santa Fé de Bogotá in 1549.

List of governors

Start End Governor
1538 1539 Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada
1539 1542 Hernán Pérez de Quesada
1542 1544 Alonso Luis Fernández de Lugo
1544 1545 Lope Montalvo de Lugo
1545 1546 Pedro de Ursúa
1546 1550 Miguel Díez de Armendáriz
1551 1558 Juan de Montaño

Royal Audiencia

The Royal Audiencia was created by a royal decree of July 17, 1549. It was given authority over the provinces of Santa Marta, Río de San Juan, Popayán, Guayana and Cartagena de Indias. The Audiencia was charged primarily with dispensing justice, but it was also to oversee the running of government and the settlement of the territory. It held its first session on April 7, 1550, in a mansion on the Plaza Mayor (today, Plaza de Bolívar) at the site which today houses the Colombian Palace of Justice.

Initially all of the justices held executive power. After several royal inspectors (visitadores) sent to improve the audiencia's functioning, in 1564 executive power was centralized in one officer, the Audiencia "president", who was also made governor and captain general. (For this reason the region was also referred to as a presidencia at the time.) With these two offices the president oversaw the civilian government and held the command over the kingdom's military forces. The president was loosely dependent upon the Viceroy of Peru at Lima in administrative and military matters. The jurisdictional boundaries of the Audiencia encompassed the territory of the kingdom.

Law VIII ("Royal Audiencia and Chancery of Santa Fe in the New Kingdom of Granada") of Title XV ("Of the Royal Audiencias and Chanceries of the Indies") of Book II of the Recopilación de Leyes de las Indias of 1680—which compiles the decrees of July 17, 1549; May 10, 1554; and August 1, 1572—describes the final limits and functions of the Audiencia.[2]

In Santa Fé de Bogotá of the New Kingdom of Granada shall reside another Royal Audiencia and Chancery of ours, with a president, governor and captain general; five judges of civil cases [oidores], who shall also be judges of criminal cases [alcaldes del crimen]; a crown attorney [fiscal]; a bailiff [alguacil mayor]; a lieutenant of the Gran Chancellor; and the other necessary ministers and officials, and which will have for district the provinces of the New Kingdom and those of Santa Marta, Río de San Juan, and of Popayán, except those places of the latter which are marked for the Royal Audiencia of Quito; and of Guayana, or El Dorado, it shall have that which is not of the Audienicia of Hispaniola, and all of the Province of Cartagena; sharing borders: on the south with said Audiencia of Quito and the undiscovered lands, on the west and north with the North Sea and the provinces which belong to the Royal Audiencia of Hispaniola, on the west with the one of Tierra Firme. And we order that the Governor and Captain General of said provinces and president of their Royal Audiencia, have, use and exercise by himself the government of all the district of that Audiencia, in the same manner as our Viceroys of New Spain and appoint the repartimiento of Indians and other offices that need to be appointed, and attend to all the matters and business that belong to the government, and that the oidores of said Audiencia do not interfere with this, and that all sign what in matters of justice is provided for, sentenced and carried out.

One further change came as part of the Bourbon reforms of the eighteenth century. Because of the slowness in communications between Lima and Bogotá, the Bourbons decided to establish an independent Viceroyalty of New Granada in 1717 (which was reestablished in 1739 after a short interruption). The governor-president of Bogotá became the viceroy of the new entity, with military and executive oversight over the neighboring Presidency of Quito and the provinces of Venezuela.

Administrative divisions

The New Kingdom was organized into several Governments and Provinces:

Government/Province Capital Established Founder
Government of Santa Marta Santa Marta 1525 Don Rodrigo de Bastidas
Government of Cartagena de Indias Cartagena de Indias
(Alternative Capital of Viceroyalty)
1533 Don Pedro de Heredia
Government of Popayan Popayan 1537 Don Sebastián de Belalcázar
Province of Pasto San Juan de Pasto 1539 Don Lorenzo de Aldana
Government of Santa Fé (de Bogotá),
the area originally called the "New Kingdom of Granada"
Santa Fé de Bogotá
(Capital of Viceroyalty)
1538 Don Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada
Government of Tunja Tunja 1539 Don Gonzalo Suárez Rendón
Government of Antioquia Santa Fe de Antioquia 1541 Don Jorge Robledo
Province of Chocó Quibdó 1648 Manuel Cañizales
Government of Panama Ciudad de Panama 1519 Don Pedro Arias Davila
Vast Province of Guyana
(special province)
Angostura 1595 Don Antonio de Berríos

Main cities

The largest cities of the New Kingdom of Granada in the 1791 Census were

  1. Cartagena de Indias – 154,304
  2. Santa Fé de Bogotá – 108,533
  3. Popayan – 56,783
  4. Santa Marta – 49,830
  5. Tunja – 43,850
  6. Mompóx – 24,332

See also

Bibliography

References

  1. Avellaneda Navas and José Ignacio. The conquerors of the New Kingdom of Granada ((Albuquerque): University of New Mexico Press, 1995)
  2. Spain (1680). Recopilación de las Leyes de Indias. Titulo Quince. De las Audiencias y Chancillerias Reales de las Indias. Madrid. Spanish-language facsimile of the original.
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