Mustapha Khaznadar
| Mustapha Khaznadar | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Grand Vizier of Tunisia | |
|
In office 1837 – October 22, 1873 | |
| Preceded by | Rashid al-Shakir Sahib al-Taba'a |
| Succeeded by | Hayreddin Pasha |
| Personal details | |
| Born | August 3, 1817 |
| Died | July 26, 1878 (aged 60) |
| Spouse(s) | Princess Lalla Kalthoum |
| Religion | Islam |
Mustapha Khaznadar (مصطفى خزندار, 1878–1817), was Prime Minister of the Beylik of Tunis from 1837 to 1873.[1][2] He was one of the most influential people in modern Tunisian history.[3]
Biography
Early life
Mustapha Khaznadar was born of Greek ancestry[1][3][4][5][6] as Georgios Kalkias Stravelakis[4][7][8] on the island of Chios in 1817.[7][9][10] In January 1822, the Greeks of Chios declared their independence from the Ottoman Empire, the Ottoman sultan soon sent an army of ten thousand to the island of Chios, where roughly twenty thousand Greek inhabitants were massacred and many women and children were taken into slavery.[11] During the Chios massacre, Georgios's father the sailor Stephanis Kalkias Stravelakis was killed, Georgios along with his brother Yannis were captured and sold into slavery by the Ottomans.[10] He was then taken to Smyrna and then Constantinople, where he was sold as a slave to an envoy of the Husainid Dynasty who were Beys of Tunis and originally of Greek origin.[4]
Religious conversion and political career
Stravelakis as a slave was converted to Islam and was given the name Mustafa[10] and was raised in the family by Mustapha Bey, then by his son Ahmad I Bey[5] while he was still crown prince. Initially, he worked as the prince's private treasurer before becoming Ahmad I Bey's treasurer (khaznadar).[5] He managed to climb to the highest offices of the Tunisian state and married Princess Lalla Kalthoum in 1839 and was promoted to lieutenant-general of the army, made bey in 1840 and then president of the Grand Council from 1862 to 1878. In 1864, Mustapha Khaznadar then Prime Minister attempted to squeeze more taxes out of the Tunisian peasants, the countryside rebelled and rose in a revolt nearly overthrowing the regime, however the government was swift to act and ultimately suppressed the uprising through a combination of brutality and guile.[12] Mustafa Khaznadar retained memories of his Greek origin[13] and contact with his native Greece, even sending ten thousand riyals from the state treasury to pay for his two Greek nephews he was educating in Paris.[14] Khaznadar died in 1878 and is buried in a mausoleum at Tourbet El Bey, in the heart of the Medina of Tunis.
See also
References
Notes
- 1 2 Fage 1982, p. 173.
- ↑ Morsy 1984, p. 185.
- 1 2 Ziadeh 1962, p. 11.
- 1 2 3 Shivji 1991, p. 235.
- 1 2 3 Association of Muslim Social Scientists & International Institute of Islamic Thought 2008, p. 56
- ↑ Rowley & Weis 1986, p. 190; Singh 2000, p. 1102.
- 1 2 Binous & Jabeur 2002, p. 143.
- ↑ Gallagher 2002, p. 125.
- ↑ Tūnisī & Brown 1967, p. 22.
- 1 2 3 Simon, Mattar & Bulliet 1996, p. 1018.
- ↑ Rosenblum & Janson 1984, p. 125.
- ↑ "Tunisia - The Growth of European Influence". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2009-10-09.
- ↑ Bosworth 1993, p. 717.
- ↑ Gallagher 2002, p. 75.
Sources
- Association of Muslim Social Scientists; International Institute of Islamic Thought (2008). The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences. 25. American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences. OCLC 60626498.
- Binous, Jamila; Jabeur, Salah (2002). Houses of the Medina: Tunis. Dar Ashraf Editions. OCLC 224261384.
- Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1993). The Encyclopaedia of Islam. Brill. ISBN 90-04-09419-9.
- Fage, John D. (1982). The Cambridge History of Africa: From the Earliest Times to c. 500 BC, Volume 1. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-22803-4.
- Gallagher, Nancy Elizabeth (2002). Medicine and Power in Tunisia, 1780-1900. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-52939-5.
- Morsy, Magali (1984). North Africa, 1800-1900: A Survey from the Nile Valley to the Atlantic. Longman. ISBN 0-582-78377-1.
- Rosenblum, Robert; Janson, Horst Woldemar (1984). 19th Century Art. Abrams. ISBN 0-8109-1362-3.
- Rowley, Harold Henry; Weis, Pinkas Rudolf (1986). Journal of Semitic Studies, Volumes 31-32. Manchester University Press. OCLC 1782837.
- Shivji, Issa G. (1991). State and Constitutionalism: An African Debate on Democracy. SAPES Trust. ISBN 0-7974-0993-9.
- Simon, Reeva S.; Mattar, Philip; Bulliet, Richard W. (1996). Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East, Volume 2. Macmillan Reference USA. ISBN 0-02-897062-4.
- Singh, Nagendra Kr. (2000). International Encyclopaedia of Islamic Dynasties. Anmol Publications PVT. ISBN 81-261-0403-1.
- Tūnisī, Khayr al-Dīn; Brown, Leon Carl (1967). The Surest Path: The Political Treatise of a Nineteenth-century Muslim Statesman. Harvard University Press. OCLC 683802.
- Ziadeh, Nicola A. (1962). Origins of Nationalism in Tunisia. Librarie du Liban. OCLC 3062278.