Ma Biao (general)

Ma Biao
Died Xining
Allegiance Qing dynasty
Republic of China
Years of service 1900–1948
Rank Lieutenant-General[1]
Unit Kansu Braves, First Cavalry Division
Commands held Yushu Defense
Battles/wars Boxer Rebellion, Sino-Tibetan War, Second Sino-Japanese War, Chinese Civil War
This is a Chinese name; the family name is Ma.

Ma Biao (1885–1948) (simplified Chinese: 马彪; traditional Chinese: 馬彪; pinyin: Mǎ Biāo; Wade–Giles: Ma Piao) was a Chinese Muslim Ma Clique General in the National Revolutionary Army, and served under Ma Bufang, the Governor of Qinghai. He was a member of Ma Bufang's family, Ma Biao was the eldest son of Ma Haiqing 馬海清, who was the sixth younger brother of Ma Haiyan, the grandfather of Ma Bufang.[2]

Ma was too young to participate in the First Sino-Japanese War, in which he wanted to fight. He then joined the Kansu Braves, serving under Ma Haiyan, fought against the foreigners in the Boxer Rebellion at the Battle of Peking (1900) and helped guard the Imperial Court when it evacuated to Xi'an.[3]

He was prominent in the Qinghai – Tibet War, a theater of the Sino-Tibetan War. He was sent by Ma Bufang to create an incident against the Tibetan army at a monastery at Yushu. This set off the Qinghai Tibet War.[4][5]

He was commander of Yushu Defense Command, Qinghai Province, and he also led the 1st Provisional Cavalry Division, 8th Cavalry Division, 2nd Cavalry Army, and served on the Military Advisory Council.

Ma Biao participated in encirclement campaigns against the Communists.[6]

He fought in the Second Sino-Japanese War and in the Chinese Civil War. His rank was Lieutenant-General.[7] Immediately after the Marco Polo Bridge Incident, Ma Bufang arranged for a cavalry division under Muslim General Ma Lu 馬祿 and another cavalry division under Ma Biao to be sent east to battle the Japanese.[8] Ethnic Turkic Salar Muslims made up the majority of the first cavalry division which was sent by Ma Bufang.[9]

“恨不得馬踏倭鬼，給我已死先烈雪仇，與後輩爭光”。 "I am eager to stomp on the dwarf devils (A derogatory term for Japanese), I will give vengeance for the already dead martyrs, achieving glory with the younger generation." said by Ma Biao with reference to his service in the Boxer Rebellion where he already fought the Japanese before World War II.[10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37] By the time of World War II he had been in the military for over 40 years, and his service in World War II against the Japanese was regarded as the pinnacle of his achievements by himself.[38]

Ma Biao crushed the Japanese at the Battle of Huaiyang.[39][40][41][42][43][44][45]

Ma Bufang's army battled extensively in bloody battles against the Japanese in Henan province and fought against White Lotus elements who had allied with the Japanese. The Qinghai Chinese, Salar, Chinese Muslim, Dongxiang, and Tibetan troops were under the commander of Ma Biao, being sent to fight to the death against the Imperial Japanese Army, or committed suicide refusing to be taken prisoner, instead, they committed suicide when cornered by the enemy. When they defeated the Japanese, the Muslim troops slaughtered all of them except for a few prisoners to send back to Qinghai prove that they were victorious. In September 1940, when the Japanese made an offensive against the Muslim Qinghai troops, the Muslims ambushed them and killed so many of them they were forced to retreat. The Japanese could not even pick up their dead, they instead cut an arm from their corpses limbs for cremation to send back to Japan. The Japanese did not dare make an offensive like that again.[46][47] They were known as 马胡子军 or 马回子军 by the Japanese.

During World War II, the China Information Publishing Company included an article on Ma Biao in Volume 4 of its publication "China at War", which discussed both his service in the Boxer Rebellion in 1900 and his fight against the Japanese in World War II in Henan. According to the article, he knew four languages: an indigenous dialect, Tibetan, Arabic, and Chinese. Tibetan Lamaists (Tibetan Buddhists) made up 20% of his soldiers, Han Chinese made up 30% of his soldiers, and various Muslim ethnicities made up the remaining 50%. He had a beard.[48]

Ma Biao was forced to retire and leave the battlefield at great relectuance.[49] Ma Biao's relative Ma Bukang succeeded him as 8th Cavalry Division commander in the summer of 1942 and proceeded to battle the Japanese.[50][51][52]

Ma Biao died at age 63 due to a car accident in Xining.

References

  1. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20160303212908/http://www.generals.dk/general/Ma_Biao/_/China.html
  2. ↑ 民国少数民族将军(组图)2 - 360Doc个人图书馆
  3. ↑ 民国少数民族将军(组图)2 - 360Doc个人图书馆
  4. ↑ Michael Gervers, Wayne Schlepp, Joint Centre for Asia Pacific Studies (1998). Historical themes and current change in Central and Inner Asia: papers presented at the Central and Inner Asian Seminar, University of Toronto, April 25–26, 1997, Volume 1997. Joint Centre for Asia Pacific Studies. p. 70. ISBN 1-895296-34-X. Retrieved 2010-10-28.
  5. ↑ http://toutiao.com/i5396962452/
  6. ↑ 中国工农红军西路军
  7. ↑ Steen Ammentorp (2000–2009). "The Generals of WWII Generals from China Ma Biai". Retrieved 31 October 2010.
  8. ↑ 让日军闻风丧胆地回族抗日名将 http://www.timetw.com/52748.html
  9. ↑ 还原真实的西北群马之马步芳骑八师中原抗日
  10. ↑ http://www.eulam.com/html/201509/11/521018.html
  11. ↑ http://military.people.com.cn/BIG5/n/2015/0831/c1011-27533214.html
  12. ↑ http://military.china.com/history4/62/20150831/20303256_all.html
  13. ↑ http://military.people.com.cn/n/2015/0831/c1011-27533214.html
  14. ↑ http://big5.taiwan.cn/plzhx/jshlw/201508/t20150831_10581680.htm
  15. ↑ http://history.huanqiu.com/china/2015-09/7459706.html
  16. ↑ http://www.qhszx.gov.cn/ztzl/mjxs/ml/2011-08-20/1312.html
  17. ↑ http://www.cankaoxiaoxi.com/mil/20150831/923916.shtml
  18. ↑ http://read01.com/REaRG.html
  19. ↑ http://www.ycacd.com/wap/bencandy.php?fid=98&id=88751
  20. ↑ http://www.huizu360.com/huizu/news_view.asp?tid=19&id=1238
  21. ↑ http://doc.qkzz.net/article/e8148d6d-3e30-4b39-ab0a-ae3e754130f0_3.htm
  22. ↑ http://www.mrllabs.com/wangluoyouxi/112947.html
  23. ↑ http://www.lunwendaquan.com/wenxuebiyelunwen/358873_4.html
  24. ↑ http://3g.nuoha.net/www/book/157471/00037.html
  25. ↑ http://www.517jianfei.com/jianfeifangfa/178235.html
  26. ↑ http://tieba.baidu.com/p/4366970992
  27. ↑ http://www.huizu360.com/huizu/news_view.asp?tid=3&id=1238
  28. ↑ http://doc.qkzz.net/article/8bbd7d10-06cc-4f7b-b324-be179e6e201e_5.htm
  29. ↑ http://www.qq1688.org/qqwangming/QQnanshengwangming/2015-08-31/90638.html
  30. ↑ http://gaoju.taishancha.com/archiver/?tid-8105.html
  31. ↑ http://www.shenbo032.com/xuesheng/6416.html
  32. ↑ http://www.shenbo0966.com/shenbokaihu/4567.html
  33. ↑ http://www.doc88.com/p-7008977563428.html
  34. ↑ http://www.o1717.com/a/xwdt/jyxd/2015/0901/15817.html
  35. ↑ http://lishi.leiting.net/html/9002.shtml
  36. ↑ http://www.ziwuwu.com/thread-121038-1-1.html
  37. ↑ http://blog.sina.cn/dpool/blog/ArtRead.php?nid=5341aaf60102vtb5&a_pos=1&oid=147&vt=3&mtch=mil&page=1
  38. ↑ China at War. China Information Publishing Company. 1940. p. 16.
  39. ↑ http://www.zk.ccoo.cn/news/local/3889814.html
  40. ↑ http://qhmhmlc.blog.163.com/blog/static/294989642015824284687?suggestedreading
  41. ↑ http://qh.people.com.cn/n/2015/0831/c181467-26189312.html
  42. ↑ http://www.yododo.com/area/photo/013EE3A4D9ED097BFF8080813EE2DC53
  43. ↑ http://m.qulishi.com/news/201411/20135.html
  44. ↑ http://www.muslimwww.com/html/2014/lishi_0421/23732.html
  45. ↑ http://www.qulishi.com/news/201411/20135.html
  46. ↑ "马家军悲壮的抗战：百名骑兵集体投河殉国(1)". 军事－中华网. 19 September 2008.
  47. ↑ 民国少数民族将军(组图)2 - 360Doc个人图书馆
  48. ↑ China at War. China Information Publishing Company. 1940. p. 16.
  49. ↑ http://3g.nuoha.net/www/book/157471/00038.html
  50. ↑ http://military.china.com/zh_cn/dljl/krzz/01/11044207/20080919/15096066.html
  51. ↑ http://toutiao.com/i6187881532219048449/
  52. ↑ http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_beff8f090102wa03.html http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_0356ee3b01009vxp.html
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