Lunar plaque
Stainless steel commemorative plaques measuring 9 by 7 5⁄8 inches (22.9 by 19.4 cm) were attached to the ladders on the descent stages of the United States Apollo Lunar Modules flown on lunar landing missions Apollo 11 through Apollo 17, to be left permanently on the lunar surface. The plaques were originally suggested and designed by NASA's head of technical services Jack Kinzler, who oversaw their production.[1] All of the plaques bear facsimiles of the participating astronauts' signatures. For this reason, an extra plaque had to be made for Apollo 13 due to the late replacement of one crewmember. The first (Apollo 11) and last (Apollo 17) plaques bear a facsimile of the signature of Richard Nixon, President of the United States during the landings, along with references to the start and "completion" of "man's" "first" explorations of the Moon and expressions of peace for "all mankind". All, except the Apollo 12 plaque (which is also textured differently), bear pictures of the two hemispheres of Earth. Apollo 17's plaque bears a depiction of the lunar globe in addition to the Earth. The plaques used on missions 13 through 16 bear the call-sign of each mission's Lunar Module. All the plaques were left on the Moon, except the two for the aborted Apollo 13 which did not land on the Moon.
Plaques deployed
- Apollo 11 plaque inscription: Here men from the planet Earth first set foot upon the Moon, July 1969 AD. The statement, We came in peace for all mankind. is derived from the 1958 National Aeronautics and Space Act's "declaration of policy and purpose":
- The Congress hereby declares that it is the policy of the United States that activities in space should be devoted to peaceful purposes for the benefit of all mankind.[2]
- (Signatures: Neil A. Armstrong; Michael Collins; Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr.; Richard Nixon, President, United States of America)
- Apollo 12 plaque inscription: Apollo 12. November 1969 (Signatures: Charles Conrad, Jr.; Richard F. Gordon, Jr.; Alan L. Bean)
- Apollo 13 plaque inscription: Apollo 13. Aquarius. April 1970 (Signatures on original plaque, bolted to the LM ladder: James A. Lovell; Thomas K. Mattingly II; Fred W. Haise. A replacement plaque with John L. Swigert, Jr.'s name replacing Mattingly's was carried in the spacecraft cabin; Lovell was to have placed this over the original as he descended the ladder. After the landing was aborted, Lovell saved the replacement to keep as a souvenir; the first plaque bearing Mattingly's name was destroyed when Aquarius reentered the Earth's atmosphere at the end of the mission.)
- Apollo 14 plaque inscription: Apollo 14. Antares. February 1971 (Signatures: Alan B. Shepard, Jr.; Stuart A. Roosa; Edgar D. Mitchell)
- Apollo 15 plaque inscription: Apollo 15. Falcon. July 1971 (Signatures: David R. Scott; Alfred M. Worden; James B. Irwin)
- Apollo 16 plaque inscription: Apollo 16. Orion. April 1972 (Signatures: John W. Young; Thomas K. Mattingly II; Charles M. Duke, Jr.)
- Apollo 17 plaque inscription: Here Man completed his first explorations of the Moon, December 1972 AD. May the spirit of peace in which we came be reflected in the lives of all mankind. (Signatures: Eugene A. Cernan; Ronald E. Evans; Harrison H. Schmitt; Richard Nixon, President, United States of America).
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Replica of the Apollo 12 plaque
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Replica of the replacement Apollo 13 plaque, with Swigert's signature instead of Mattingly's; James Lovell has the original
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Apollo 14 plaque
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Imprint of the Apollo 15 plaque
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Apollo 16 plaque, mounted in place
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Apollo 17 plaque
Notes
- The plaques are curved so as to fit around the landing leg and not hinder the astronauts from using the ladder. The plaques were attached directly to the ladder rungs, between the third and fourth rungs from the bottom.
- Two plaques were made for Apollo 13, because of the replacement of Command Module Pilot Thomas K. "Ken" Mattingly with John L. "Jack" Swigert two days before launch. Mission Commander James "Jim" Lovell was to have placed the plaque bearing Swigert's name over the original already fastened to the LM Aquarius, when he descended the ladder to walk on the Moon. When the landing was aborted, Lovell saved this plaque to keep as a memento, and it remains in his possession. The original plaque bearing Mattingly's name was destroyed when Aquarius reentered the Earth's atmosphere.
- The lunar near-side map, with the six Apollo lunar landing sites marked on it, was added to the Apollo 17 plaque at the suggestion of astronaut Gene Cernan.
- Reproductions of the plaques were given as mementos to foreign governments through various United States embassies after each flight.
- James C. Humes, a speech writer for President Nixon and four other presidents, is partly credited for authoring the text on the Apollo 11 lunar plaque.[3] William Safire and Pat Buchanan also worked on drafting the plaque.[4]
- In 1989, William Safire in his capacity as a "word maven" wryly wrote that AD should have been placed before the year, not after: "I had a hand in the first sign to be placed by earthlings on another celestial body, and it contains a glaring grammatical error."[4]
References
- ↑ Johnson, Sandra L. (Fall 2008). "Red, White & Blue: U.S. Flag at Home on the Moon". Houston History Magazine. 6 (1): 60.
- ↑ The National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958 (unamended). Public Law #85-568, 72 Stat., 426.
- ↑ Marylou Doehrman (Oct 17, 2003). "A candid interview with a presidential speechwriter". Colorado Springs Business Journal.
- 1 2 William Safire (July 17, 1989). "Of Nixon, Kennedy and Shooting the Moon". The New York Times.
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| Lunar surface | |
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| Symbolic | |
 Category:Apollo program | |