Longevity myths

This article is about myths related to the mythology of humans or other beings living to mythological ages. For validated specific supercentenarian claims by modern standards, see List of the verified oldest people. For modern, or complete, unvalidated supercentenarian claims, see Longevity claims.
Jurōjin, the God of Longevity in Taoism

Longevity myths are traditions about long-lived people (generally supercentenarians), either as individuals or groups of people, and practices that have been believed to confer longevity, but for which scientific evidence does not support the ages claimed or the reasons for the claims.[1][2] While literal interpretations of such myths may appear to indicate extraordinarily long lifespans, many scholars[3] believe such figures may be the result of incorrect translation of numbering systems through various languages coupled by the cultural and or symbolic significance of certain numbers.

The phrase "longevity tradition" may include "purifications, rituals, longevity practices, meditations, and alchemy"[4] that have been believed to confer greater human longevity, especially in Chinese culture.[1][2]

Modern science indicates various ways in which genetics, diet, and lifestyle affect human longevity. It also allows us to determine the age of human remains with a fair degree of precision.

The Sacrifice of Noah, Jacopo Bassano (c. 1515 – 1592), Staatliche Schlösser und Gärten, Potsdam-Sanssouci, c. 1574. Noah was traditionally age 601 at the time.

Extreme longevity claims in religion

Hebrew Bible

The Hebrew Bible, the Torah, Joshua, Job, and 2 Chronicles mention individuals with lifespans up to the 969 years of Methuselah.

Some apologists explain these extreme ages as ancient mistranslations that converted the word "month" to "year", mistaking lunar cycles for solar ones: this would turn an age of 969 "years" into a more reasonable 969 lunar months, or 78½ years of the Metonic cycle.[5]

Donald Etz says that the Genesis 5 numbers were multiplied by ten by a later editor.[6] These interpretations introduce an inconsistency as the ages of the first nine patriarchs at fatherhood, ranging from 62 to 230 years in the manuscripts, would then be transformed into an implausible range such as 5 to 18½ years.[7] Others say that the first list, of only 10 names for 1,656 years, may contain generational gaps, which would have been represented by the lengthy lifetimes attributed to the patriarchs.[8] Nineteenth-century critic Vincent Goehlert suggests the lifetimes "represented epochs merely, to which were given the names of the personages especially prominent in such epochs, who, in consequence of their comparatively long lives, were able to acquire an exalted influence."[9]

Those biblical scholars that teach literal interpretation give explanations for the advanced ages of the early patriarchs. In one view man was originally to have everlasting life, but as sin was introduced into the world by Adam,[10] its influence became greater with each generation and God progressively shortened man's life. [11] In a second view, before Noah's flood, a "firmament" over the earth (Genesis 1:6–8) contributed to people's advanced ages.[12]

Biblical longevity
Name Age LXX
Methuselah 969 969
Jared 962 962
Noah 950 950
Eve 940? 940?
Adam 930 930
Seth 912 912
Kenan 910 910
Enos 905 905
Mahalalel 895 895
Lamech 777 753
Shem 600 600
Eber 464 404
Cainan — 460
Arpachshad 438 465
Salah 433 466
Enoch 365 365
Peleg 239 339
Reu 239 339
Serug 230 330
Job 210? 210?
Terah 205 205
Isaac 180 180
Abraham 175 175
Nahor 148 304
Jacob 147 147
Esau 147? 147?
Ishmael 137 137
Levi 137 137
Amram 137 137
Kohath 133 133
Laban 130+ 130+
Deborah 130+ 130+
Jehoiada 130 130
Sarah 127 127
Miriam 125+ 125+
Aaron 123 123
Rebecca 120+ 120+
Moses 120 120
Joseph 110 110
Joshua 110 110

Abraham's wife Sarah is the only woman in the Old Testament whose age is given. She was 127 (Genesis 23:1).

Buddhism

Christianity

Falun Gong

Chapter 2 of Falun Gong by Li Hongzhi (2001) states, "A person in Japan named Mitsu Taira lived to be 242 years old. During the Tang Dynasty in our country, there was a monk called Hui Zhao [慧昭, 526–815[17]] who lived to be 290 [288/289] years old. According to the county annals of Yong Tai in Fujian Province, Chen Jun [陈俊] was born in the first year of Zhong He time (881 AD) under the reign of Emperor Xi Zong during the Tang Dynasty. He died in the Tai Ding time of the Yuan Dynasty (1325 AD), after living for 444 years."[18]

Hinduism

Like Methuselah in Judaism, Bhishma among the Hindus is believed to have lived to a very advanced age and is a metaphor for immortality. His life spans four generations and considering that he fought for his great-nephews in the Mahabharata War who were themselves in their 70s and 80s, it is estimated that Bhishma must have been between 130 and 370 years old at the time of his death.

Islam

According to 19th-century scholars, Abdul Azziz al-Hafeed al-Habashi (عبد العزيزالحبشي) lived 673/674 Gregorian years or 694/695 Islamic years, from 581–1276 of the Hijra.[23]

In Twelver Shiism, Muhammad al-Mahdi is believed to currently be in hiding (Major Occultation) and still alive.

Jainism

Extreme lifespans are ascribed to the Tirthankaras, For instance, Neminatha was said to have lived for over 10,000 years before his ascension, Naminatha was said to have lived for over 20,000 years before his ascension, Munisuvrata was said to have lived for over 30,000 years before his ascension, Māllīnātha was said to have lived for over 56,000 years before his ascension, Aranatha was said to have lived for over 84,000 years before his ascension, Kunthunatha was said to have lived for over 100,000 years before his ascension, and Shantinatha was said to have lived even for over 700,000 years before his ascension.[24]

Theosophy/New Age

Ancient extreme longevity claims

These include claims prior to approximately 150 CE, before the fall of the Roman empire.

China

Greece

A book Macrobii ("Long-livers") is a work devoted to longevity. It was attributed to the ancient Greek author Lucian, although it is now accepted that he could not have written it. Most examples given in it are lifespans of 80 to 100 years, but some are much longer:

Japan

A woodblock print of Emperor Jimmu, part of Famous Generals of Japan by Tsukioka Yoshitoshi

Some early emperors of Japan ruled for more than a century, according to the tradition documented in the Kojiki, viz., Emperor Jimmu and Emperor Kōan.

Korea

Persian empire

The reigns of several shahs in the Shahnameh, an epic poem by Ferdowsi, are given as longer than a century:

Roman empire

In Roman times, Pliny wrote about longevity records from the census carried out in 74 AD under Vespasian. In one region of Italy many people allegedly lived past 100; four were said to be 130, others even older. The ancient Greek author Lucian is the presumed author of Macrobii (long-livers), a work devoted to longevity. Most of the examples Lucian gives are what would be regarded as normal long lifespans (80–100 years).

Sumer

Age claims for the earliest eight Sumerian kings in the major recension of the Sumerian King List were in units and fractions of shar (3,600 years) and totaled 67 shar or 241,200 years.[30]

In the only ten-king tablet recension of this list three kings (Alalngar, [...]kidunnu, and En-men-dur-ana) are recorded as having reigned 72,000 years each.[8][31] The major recension assigns 43,200 years to the reign of En-men-lu-ana, and 36,000 years each to those of Alalngar and Dumuzid.[30]

Vietnam

The first 18 Hùng kings of Vietnam were reported to live at least over 200 years each. Their reigns lasted from 2879 BC to 258 BC.

  1. Kinh Dương Vương – 260 years old – Reign: 215 years.
  2. Lạc Long Quân (Hùng Hiền Vương) – 506 years old – Reign: 400 years.
  3. Hùng Quốc Vương – 260 years old – Reign: 221 years.
  4. Hùng Diệp Vương  – 646 years old – Reign: 300 years.
  5. Hùng Hy Vương – 599 years old – Reign: 200 years.
  6. Hùng Huy Vương – 500 years old – Reign: 87 years.
  7. Hùng Chiêu Vương – 692 years old -Reign: 200 years.
  8. Hùng Vi Vương – 642 years old – Reign: 100 năm.
  9. Hùng Định Vương – 602 years old – Reign: 80 years.
  10. Hùng Uý Vương – 512 years old – Reign: 90 years.
  11. Hùng Chinh Vương – 514 years old -Reign:107 years.
  12. Hùng Vũ Vương – 456 years old – Reign: 96 years.
  13. Hùng Việt Vương – 502 years old – Reign: 105 years.
  14. Hùng Ánh Vương – 386 years old – Reign: 99 years.
  15. Hùng Triều Vương – 286 years old -Reign: 94 years.
  16. Hùng Tạo Vương – 273 years old – Reign: 92 years.
  17. Hùng Nghị Vương – 217 years old – Reign: 160 years.
  18. Hùng Duệ Vương – 221 years old – Reign: 150 years.

Medieval era

Burma

Poland

Wales

Modern extreme longevity claims

These include longevity claims made in a country or region in the modern era, ordered alphabetically by country or region.

Afghanistan

Algeria

Argentina

Azerbaijan

Shirali Muslimov in 1970

Botswana

China

Colombia

Democratic Republic of Congo

Ethiopia

Georgia

Ghana

Hungary

India

Indonesia

Kazakhstan

Kenya

Lebanon

Liberia

Malaysia

Morocco

Nepal

Nigeria

Oman

Pakistan

Philippines

Romania

Russia (Soviet Union)

Deaths officially reported in Russia in 1815 listed 1068 centenarians, including 246 supercentenarians (50 at age 120–155 and one even older).[34] Time magazine considered that, by the Soviet Union, longevity had elevated to a state-supported "Methuselah cult".[74] The USSR insisted on its citizens' unrivaled longevity by claiming 592 people (224 male, 368 female) over age 120 in a 15 January 1959 census[75] and 100 citizens of Russia alone ages 120 to 156 in March 1960.[76] Such later claims were fostered by Georgian-born Joseph Stalin's apparent hope that he would live long past 70.[74] Zhores A. Medvedev, who demonstrated that all 500-plus claims failed birth-record validation and other tests,[74] said Stalin "liked the idea that [other] Georgians lived to be 100".[76]

Saudi Arabia

Solomon Islands

South Africa

Sweden

Swedish death registers contain detailed information on thousands of centenarians going back to 1749; the maximum age at death reported between 1751 and 1800 was 147.[83]

Switzerland

Swiss anatomist Albrecht von Haller collected examples of 62 people ages 110–120, 29 ages 120–130, and 15 ages 130–140.[85]

Turkey

United Arab Emirates

United Kingdom

Cases of extreme longevity were listed by James Easton in 1799, who covered 1712 cases documented between 66 BCE and 1799, the year of publication;[90] Charles Hulbert also edited a book containing a list of cases in 1825. Some extreme longevity claims include:

United States of America

A periodical The Aesculapian Register, written by physicians and published in Philadelphia in 1824, listed a number of cases, including several purported to have lived over 130. The authors said the list was taken from the Dublin Magazine.[100]

Uzbekistan

Venezuela

Yemen

Practices

Diets

The idea that certain diets can lead to extraordinary longevity (ages beyond 130) is not new. In 1909, Élie Metchnikoff believed that drinking goat's milk could confer extraordinary longevity. The Hunza diet, supposedly practiced in an area of northern Pakistan, has been claimed to give people the ability to live to 140 or more.[108] There has been no proof that any diet has led humans to live longer than the genetically-recognized maximum however Caloric restriction diets have increased lifespans of rodents significantly.

Alchemy

Traditions that have been believed to confer greater human longevity include alchemy.[4]

Fountain of Youth

Main article: Fountain of Youth

The Fountain of Youth reputedly restores the youth of anyone who drinks of its waters. The New Testament, following older Jewish tradition, attributes healing to the Pool of Bethesda when the waters are "stirred" by an angel.[112] Herodotus attributes exceptional longevity to a fountain in the land of the Ethiopians.[113] The lore of the Alexander Romance and of Al-Khidr describes such a fountain, and stories about the philosopher's stone, universal panaceas, and the elixir of life are widespread.

After the death of Juan Ponce de León, Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés wrote in Historia General y Natural de las Indias (1535) that Ponce de León was looking for the waters of Bimini to cure his aging.[114]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Ni, Maoshing (2006). Secrets of Longevity. Chronicle Books. ISBN 978-0-8118-4949-4. Chuan xiong ... has long been a key herb in the longevity tradition of China, prized for its powers to boost the immune system, activate blood circulation, and relieve pain.
  2. 1 2 Fulder, Stephen (1983). An End to Ageing: Remedies for Life. Destiny Books. ISBN 978-0-89281-044-4. Taoist devotion to immortality is important to us for two reasons. The techniques may be of considerable value to our goal of a healthy old age, if we can understand and adapt them. Secondly, the Taoist longevity tradition has brought us many interesting remedies.
  3. ↑ Number Manipulation for Profit, or Just for Fun? by Paul Y. Hoskisson "Number Manipulation for Profit, or Just for Fun?". maxwellinstitute.byu.edu. Archived from the original on October 5, 2012. Retrieved December 27, 2012.
  4. 1 2 Kohn, Livia (2001). Daoism and Chinese Culture. Three Pines Press. pp. 4, 84. ISBN 978-1-931483-00-1.
  5. ↑ Hill, Carol A. (2003-12-04). "Making Sense of the Numbers of Genesis" (PDF). Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith. 55: 239.
  6. ↑ Etz, Donald V. (1994). "The Numbers of Genesis V 3–31: A Suggested Conversion and Its Implications". Vetus Testamentum. 43 (2): 171–87. doi:10.1163/156853393X00034.
  7. ↑ Morris, Henry M. (1976). The Genesis Record: A Scientific and Devotional Commentary on the Book of Beginnings. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Book House. p. 159. Such an interpretation would have made Enoch only five years old when his son was born!
  8. 1 2 "Notes on Genesis 5:5". Zondervan NIV Study Bible. 2002. pp. 12–13. Three kings in a Sumerian list (which also contains exactly ten names) are said to have reigned 72,000 years each. External link in |chapter= (help)
  9. ↑ Goehlert, Vincent (November 1887). "Statistical Observations upon Biblical Data". The Old Testament Student. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 7 (3): 76–83. doi:10.1086/469948.
  10. ↑ Romans 5:12 Wherefore, as by one man sin entered into the world, and death by sin; and so death passed upon all men, for that all have sinned:
  11. ↑ Pilch, John J. (1999). The Cultural Dictionary of the Bible. Liturgical Press. pp. 144–146.
  12. ↑ Vail, Isaac Newton (1902). The Waters Above the Firmament: Or The Earth's Annular System. Ferris and Leach. p. 97.
  13. ↑ "La Magie du Bouddha – Le Très Vénérable LP Suwang". Magiedubouddha.com. Retrieved 2012-05-12.
  14. ↑ Lichtenberger, Frédéric, ed. (1881). Encyclopédie des sciences religieuses. 11. Sandoz et Fischbacher. p. 570.
  15. ↑ Thompson, Phyllis (2005). Sadhu Sundar Singh: A Biography of the Remarkable Indian Disciple of Jesus. Armour Publishing. pp. 77, 80–3. ISBN 978-981-4138-55-0.
  16. ↑ "Scolastica Oliveri".
  17. ↑ "慧昭 (526–815)".
  18. 1 2 Li Hongzhi (April 2001). "Falun Gong". Falun Gong (4th trans. ed.).
  19. ↑ Daczynski, Vincent J. (2004). "Amazing Longevity: Devraha Baba – 250+ Years Old". Paranormal Phenomenon: Amazing Human Abilities.
  20. 1 2 3 McDermott, Rachel Fell (2001). Mother of My Heart, Daughter of My Dreams. Oxford University Press. p. 145. ISBN 978-0-19-513435-3.
  21. ↑ Varishthananda, Swami (November 2007). "Varanasi: The City of Saints, Sages, and Savants" (PDF). Prabuddha Bharata (Awakened India). 112 (11): 632–3.
  22. ↑ Medhasananda, Swami (2003). Varanasi At the Crossroads. Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture. p. 1042. ISBN 81-87332-18-2.
  23. ↑ al-Kittani, Abdul Hayye (1888–1962). Fahres-ul-Faharis wal Athbat. 2. p. 928. In "Chains of Narration" (PDF). Minhaj-al-Quran International (UK). 2006.
  24. ↑ Jain, Vijay K. (2015), Acarya Samantabhadra's Svayambhustotra: Adoration of The Twenty-four Tirthankara, Vikalp Printers, ISBN 978-81-903639-7-6
  25. ↑ Crème, Benjamin Maitreya’s Mission Amsterdam:1997 Share International Foundation Page 680
  26. ↑ Li, Mengyu (2008). "The Unique Values of Chinese Traditional Cultural Time Orientation: In Comparison with Western Cultural Time Orientation" (PDF). The University of Rhode Island. Retrieved 2010-03-19.
  27. ↑ Aston, William (1896). Nihongi. K. Paul, Trench, Trübner. pp. 109–137.
  28. ↑ Yang, S. C. The South and North Korean political systems: A comparative analysis (rev. ed.). Seoul: Hollym. ISBN 1-56591-105-9.
  29. ↑ "Epimenides". Encyclopaedia Britannica. 8. Henry G. Allen. 1890. p. 482.
  30. 1 2 Jacobson, Thorkild (1939). The Sumerian King List. University of Chicago Press. pp. 69–77.
  31. ↑ Hasel, Gerhard F. (1978). "The Genealogies of Gen. 5 and 11 and Their Alleged Babylonian Background". Andrews University Seminary Studies. Andrews University Press. 16: 366–7. Citing Finkelstein, J. J. (1963). "The Antediluvian Kings: A University of California Tablet". Journal of Cuneiform Studies. 17 (2): 39–51. doi:10.2307/1359063. JSTOR 1359063.
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  33. 1 2 3 Prichard, James C. (1836). Researches into the Physical History of Mankind. 1. London: Houlston and Stoneman. pp. 11–5 ff.
  34. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Hulbert, Charles (1825). "Instances of Human Longevity in Europe". Museum Europæum; or, Select antiquities ... of nature and art, in Europe. pp. 451–7.
  35. ↑ http://www.pajhwok.com/en/2013/01/12/afghanistans-oldest-woman-dies
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  37. ↑ The European magazine, and London review, Vol. 25, p. 266, Philological Society (Great Britain)
  38. ↑ Советский комитет солидарности стран Азии и Африки, Институт востоковедения (Академия наук СССР), Институт Африки (Академия наук СССР). Asia and Africa today. — Asia and Africa Today, 1990.  :Shirali Mislimov, an Azerbaijani peasant, who was the oldest among the Soviet centenarians, died in 1973 at the age of 168. His surviving widow at that time was 120..
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  40. ↑ "Li Ching-Yun Dead; Gave His Age As 197". The New York Times. 6 May 1933.
  41. ↑ "Tortoise-Pigeon-Dog". Time Magazine. 1933-05-15. Retrieved 2009-05-15.
  42. ↑ "The amazing story of master Li Ching-Yuen".
  43. ↑ http://www.eluniversal.com.co/monteria-y-sincelejo/local/cordoba-tuvo-al-hombre-mas-viejo-del-mundo
  44. ↑ http://www.digitalcongo.net/article/72624
  45. ↑ "Ethiopia: '160-year-old man' claims to remember 1895", BBC News, 6 September 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2015
  46. ↑ Withnall, Adam. "Is this ‘160-year-old’ Ethiopian man the world’s oldest ever person?", The Independent, 13 September 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
  47. ↑ Megersa, Fekadu "Oromia: Dhaqqaboo Eebaa, the oldest ever lived person, died at the age of 163" Ayyaantuu News, 14 May 2015.
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  74. 1 2 3 "No Methuselahs". Time Magazine. 1974-08-12. Retrieved 2009-05-13.
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  76. 1 2 Guinness Book of World Records. 1983. pp. 16–19.
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  97. ↑ Wiseman, Nicholas Patrick (February–May 1862). "The Old Countess of Desmond". The Dublin Review. London: Thomas Richardson and Son. 51: 78.
  98. ↑ Vulliamy, Colwyn Edward (1925). Unknown Cornwall. John Lane. p. 220. Retrieved 14 August 2014. Cornish people seem to live to great ages, though some of the records of longevity should, perhaps, be treated with a certain reserve. C. S. Gilbert gives a long list of centenarians, and super-centenarians, including a woman named Chester [sic] Marchant who lived in Gwithian, and who, in 1676, according to one Mr. Scawen, reached the astounding age of 164 years.
  99. ↑ Jenner, Henry (2012) [1904]. "I. The Story of the Cornish Language". A Handbook of the Cornish Language: Chiefly in Its Latest Stages, with Some Account of Its History and Literature (Reprint ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 16. ISBN 978-1-108-04702-9. Retrieved 16 January 2016. It is recorded by Dr. Borlase that Cheston Marchant, who died at Gwithian in 1676 aged 164 (!), could speak nothing but Cornish.
  100. ↑ The aesculapian register: 1824. Vol. 1, nos. 1-26, June 17-Dec. 9, 1824. P.155
  101. ↑ "Oldest citizen Charlie Smith dies at 137". Beaver County Times. Beaver, Pa. UPI. 1979-10-07. Retrieved 25 November 2013.
  102. ↑ "'Oldest' Living American Bounced from Record Book". Schenectady Gazette. AP. 1979-03-21. Retrieved 25 November 2013.
  103. ↑ "The oldest man yet" (PDF). New York Times. July 20, 1876. Retrieved 2012-05-12.
  104. ↑ Archived October 6, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
  105. ↑ http://www.gazeta.uz/2015/04/01/tuti-yusupova/
  106. ↑ http://www.vcrisis.com/?content=letters/200604300835
  107. ↑ "Un anciano yemení muere a los 140 años" [An elderly Yemeni dies at 140 years] (in Spanish). 20 Minutos.es. July 23, 2007.
  108. ↑ "Hunza diet". Biblelife.org. Retrieved 2014-05-15.
  109. 1 2 Ferguson, John (1906). Bibliotheca chemica. Glasgow: James Maclehose and Sons. p. 351. Retrieved 2010-09-12.
  110. ↑ Gualdus, Friederich (1989) [1720]. Revelation of the True Chemical Wisdom (Alchemy). Muller, Leone, trans. Restoration of Alchemical Manuscripts Society. Retrieved 2010-09-12.
  111. ↑ Hally, René. "Tschoudy, Théodore Henry de Metz". Retrieved 2010-09-12.
  112. ↑ John 5:4.
  113. ↑ Herodotus, Book III: 22–4.
  114. ↑ Fernández de Oviedo, Gonzalo. Historia General y Natural de las Indias, book 16, chapter XI.

Bibliography

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