List of rump states

A rump state is the remnant of a once-larger government. Some states labeled as rump states, or that today would be considered rump states, at one point or another are listed below.

Ancient history

Early Ancient History

• Ancient Egypt during the Hyksos period (c. 1674-1548 BC.)^[1]
• Ancient Egypt after the loss of the Nile Delta to the Meshwesh and the secession of Kush in the early 11th century BC.^[2]
• The Kingdom of Judah as successor to the United Monarchy after the Kingdom of Israel seceded c. 930 BC to its conquest by Babylonia in 586 BC,^[3][4] particularly during Egyptian and Kushite aggression from then until c. 901 BC.^[5]
• The Zhou Dynasty of China from early 8th century BC to its end in the 3rd century BC.^[6]
• Ancient Egypt from the late 8th century BC until its Babylonian conquest.^[7] See also Twenty-fifth dynasty of Egypt (the period of Kushite rule.)
• Athens from 490 to 479 BC during the Greco-Persian Wars and after the Peloponnesian War^[8] until its Macedonian conquest (from 404 to 338 BC.)
• The Seleucid Empire from the rise of Parthia in the late 3rd century BC^[9] to its final conquest by the Roman Empire in 60 BC.
• Ptolemaic Egypt from the loss of its Asiatic lands to the Seleucid Empire in the 2nd century BC until its union with the Roman Empire in 30 BC.^[10] See also Syrian Wars.
• The Greco-Bactrian Kingdom because of Yuezhi aggression from 162 BC to the conquest of Bactria proper in 120 BC,^[9] then the Indo-Greek Kingdom as its successor until its Indo-Scythian conquest c. AD 10.
• Hasmonean Judea from the settlement of Pompey in 63 BC to its conquest by the Roman Empire in 37 BC.^[11]

Late Ancient History

• The Kushan Empire from c. AD 250 to its liquidation c. 450 by the Hephthalites.^[12]
• The Eastern Roman Empire from the Slavic, Avar, and Bulgar invasions of the Balkan Peninsula and the Persian invasions of eastern Asia Minor of the AD mid-6th century, particularly after its progressive loss of Italy to the Lombards starting in 565^[13] and during the height of the Sassanid Empire in the early 7th century, when it lost most of its Asiatic lands and Egypt.
• Tang Dynasty China during the loss of its northern and western lands to Tibet from c. 750 to 763.^[14]
• The Emirate of Córdoba as the restored successor to the Umayyad Caliphate after the loss of its Asian and most of its African lands to the Abbasids from 756 until 929,^[15] and then the Caliphate of Córdoba as its successor until its dissolution in 1031.^[16] See also Battle of the Zab.
• The Duchy of Benevento as successor to the Lombard Kingdom of Italy after the loss of its northern lands to the Franks in 774 until its division into the kingdoms of Capua and Salerno in 849.^[15]

Post-classical history

Early Post-classical History

• The Kingdom of Asturias after the secession of the Kingdom of Navarre in the mid-9th century until its conquest by Navarre in the early 10th century.^[17]
• Tibet from the mid-9th century, after it lost the majority of its land area (to the north and west as well as Myanmar) in the aftermath of a civil war.^[18]
• The Khazar Empire from the late 9th century until its liquidation by Kievan Rus' and the Pechenegs in 969.^[19] See also Caspian expeditions of the Rus.
• Scotland, because of Norse raids from the late 9th century until the Treaty of Perth in 1266 (map),^[20][21] particularly during its tributary period and loss of its southern lands to the Angevin Empire under the Treaty of Falaise from 1174 to 1189.
• Danube Bulgaria in the 11th and 12th centuries,^[22] and in the 14th century until its Ottoman conquest.^[23]

Middle Post-classical History

• Denmark after the death of King Harthacanute and the resulting dissolution of the union between itself and England in 1042, until the reign of Valdemar the Great in the mid-12th century.^[24]
• The Zirid and Hammadid Empires of North Africa from the Bedouin invasion c. 1049 to their liquidation by the Almohad Empire in 1152.^[25]
• The Fatimid Caliphate from 1070 until its conquest by Saladin in 1169.^[26]
• The Kingdom of Navarre from the late 11th century to its liquidation by Aragon in 1516.^[27]
• The Southern Song Dynasty of China, founded 1126, after progressive loss of its northern lands to the Jurchen Jin dynasty and other tribes until the Mongol conquest of the following century.^[18][28]
• The Kingdom of León from the secession of Portugal in 1139 to its union with the Kingdom of Castile in 1230.^[29]
• France during the loss of the majority of its territory to the Angevin Empire from c. 1154 to 1214. (Map)^[30]
• Albania from the late 12th century to its Ottoman conquest in 1385.^[31]
• The Kingdom of Castile from its defeat by the Almohad Empire at the Battle of Alarcos in 1195 until its defeat of the Almohads in the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212.^[29]
• Wales because of English aggression from 1211 to 1218 and 1241 to its final integration with England in 1535.^[32] See also Statute of Rhuddlan and Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542.
• The Latin Empire from c. 1215 because of successive losses of territory to the Despotate of Epirus (map), Bulgaria (map), and the Empire of Nicaea (map) until its Nicaean conquest in 1261. See also Peter of Courtenay.
• The Kingdom of Georgia from the Mongol invasion of 1236 until its disintegration in the 15th century.
• Poland, Lithuania, Hungary,^[33] and the Sultanate of Rum during the Mongol aggression of the mid-13th century.
• The Ayyubid Caliphate because of Mamluk aggression, from its loss of Egypt in 1250 to its conquest in 1334.
• The Duchy of Pisa from its loss of Corsica and Sardinia to Genoa in 1284 until its conquest by Florence in 1406.^[34] See also Battle of Meloria.

Late Post-classical History

• Cambodia as the successor to the Khmer Empire from the early 14th century.^[35]
• France during the Hundred Years' War against the English, Flemish, Basques, Portuguese, and Burgundians, from 1337 to 1453. (Map A, Map B,^[21][36][37])
• The Serbian Empire from 1356 after the death of Stefan Dusan until its conquest by the Ottoman Empire in 1459.^[23][38]
• Northern Yuan dynasty as the successor to the Yuan dynasty, after the retreat of the Mongols from China to Mongolia homeland due to the independence of China under the Ming dynasty in 1368.^[39]
• The Mali Empire from the mid-15th century to its liquidation by the Bambara and Fulbe in 1670.^[40]
• The Sultanate of Delhi from the invasions of Timur in 1398 until its liquidation by Mughal forces in 1526.^[41]
• The Ottoman Empire during the occupation of its eastern lands by the Timurids from 1400 to c. 1414.^[41] See also Ottoman Interregnum.

Modern history

Early Modern History

• Denmark-Norway after Sweden broke away from the Kalmar Union in 1523 ^[42]

Late Modern History

19th century

• Denmark after its ceding Norway to Sweden in January 1814 under the Treaty of Kiel and the Congress of Vienna.^[43] See also Norway in 1814.
• The Kingdom of Saxony after its loss of 40% of its area to Prussia in the Congress of Vienna,^[44] until its 1871 incorporation into the German Empire.
• Burma because of British aggression from 1824 until its conquest in 1886.^[45] See also First Anglo-Burmese War, Second Anglo-Burmese War, and Third Anglo-Burmese War.
• Mexico after the progressive loss of almost half of its area to American interests from 1836 to 1848^[46][47] and during the French invasion of the Pastry War in 1838 and early 1839. See also Texas Revolution, Mexican–American War, and the Gadsden Purchase of 1854.
• Denmark after its loss of Schleswig-Holstein to the Prussian (later German) Empire after the Second Schleswig War in 1864.^[48]
• Paraguay, after losing vital territory to Argentina and Brazil, as well as having lost the majority of its population, in the Paraguayan War in 1870 until winning the Chaco War in 1935.^[49]

20th Century

• Austria, from the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire by the Treaty of Saint-Germain. Large portions of Austria were ceded to Italy under the treaties of London and Rapallo. Austria then lost its independence entirely to Germany due to the Anschluss (its annexation by Nazi Germany) of 1938.^[50]
• Hungary after the Treaty of Trianon,^[50] particularly during intervention by Romania and Czechoslovakia against the short-lived Hungarian Soviet Republic in the summer of 1919.^[51]
• Ottoman Turkey lost Libya and the Dodecanese to Italy under the Treaty of Ouchy in 1912 (also known as the First Treaty of Lausanne (1912)) and some Ottoman interests in the Balkans after the First and Second Balkan Wars under the treaties of London, Constantinople, and Bucharest. Later, as envisioned by the Sykes–Picot Agreement and the treaties of Brest-Litovsk and Sèvres, as a rump of the Ottoman Empire,^[52] and then the Republic of Turkey as recognized in the treaties of Ankara and Lausanne after becoming a republic. See also Turkish War of Independence.
• Czechoslovakia from the German annexation of the Sudetenland in October 1938^[53] and the loss of additional territory in southern Slovakia and Carpathian Ruthenia to Hungary in November^[54] to its liquidation the following March. See also Munich Agreement and First Vienna Award.
• Somalia from the secession and de facto independence of Somaliland in May 1991, with 22% of its area and 43% of its population.^[55] The Somali Federal Government (recognized by the UN) now only retains control over a small area at the centre of the country and a section of the capital. See Somali Civil War.
• During the prolonged dissolution of Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia beginning in 1991, the rump state remained under the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia until finally in 2003 it consisted only of the republics of Serbia and Montenegro. At that time it was renamed the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro.^[56]

21st century

• Sudan, after losing South Sudan in 2011.^[57][58] The loss of South Sudan caused Sudan to lose 24.73% of its land area and 17% of its population.

References