List of provinces of Balhae
The Balhae (or Bohai) kingdom controlled the northern Korean Peninsula, the area from the Amur River (Heilong Jiang) to the Strait of Tartary, and the Liaodong Peninsula. Similar to the workings of the Chinese Tang Dynasty, the administration system of the Balhae kingdom was composed of:
- 5 capitals: a Supreme capital with four secondary capitals
- 15 provinces; and
- 62 prefectures.
Table of provinces
| Former State | Province | Capitals/Ancient name | Prefectures level 속주(屬州) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hanja | Hangul | RR, Pinyin | Hanja | Hangul | RR, Pinyin | Modern location | ||
| Sushen 숙신 肅愼 |
龍泉府 | 용천부 | Yongcheon Longquan |
上京/龍州 | 상경/용주 | Sanggyeong/Yongju Shangjing/Longzhou |
Ning'an (寧安市) (Manchu: Ninguta 寧古塔) |
용주(龍州) 호주(湖州)=宁安县西南 발주(渤州)=牡丹江市城区南 |
| Sushen 숙신 肅愼 |
顯德府 | 현덕부 | Hyundeok Xiande |
中京/顯州 | 중경/현주 | Junggyeong/Hyeonju Zhongjing/Xianzhou |
Helong/Dunhua (和龍市/敦化市) |
노주(盧州)=安图县 현주(顯州) 철주(鐵州) 탕주(湯州)=灵峰县 영주(榮州) 흥주(興州)=Baihe |
| Yemaek 예맥 濊貊 |
龍原府 | 용원부 | Yongwon Longyuan |
東京/慶州 | 동경/경주 | Donggyeong/Gyeongju Dongjing/Qingzhou |
Hunchun |
경주(慶州) 염주(鹽州)=Zarubino 목주(穆州) 하주(賀州) |
| Okjeo 옥저 沃沮 |
南海府 | 남해부 | Namhae Nanhai |
南京/沃州 | 남경/옥주 | Namgyeong/Okju Nanjing/Wozhou |
Hamheung |
옥주(沃州) 정주(睛州) 초주(椒州) |
| Goguryeo 고구려 高句麗 |
鴨綠府 | 압록부 | Amnok Yalü |
西京/神州 | 서경/신주 | Seogyeong/Sinju Xijing/Shenzhou |
Linjiang | 신주(神州) 환주(桓州)=Jian 풍주(豊州)=Hyesan 정주(正州)=Tonghua |
| Goguryeo 고구려 高句麗 |
長嶺府 | 장령부 | Jangnyeong Changling |
瑕州 | 하주 | Haju Xiazhou |
Jingyu (靖宇县) |
하주(瑕州) 하주(河州) |
| Buyeo 부여 夫餘 |
夫餘府 | 부여부 | Buyeo Fuyu |
扶州 | 부주 | Buju Fuzhou |
Kaiyuan | 부주(扶州)· 선주(仙州)= Caoshi |
| Buyeo 부여 夫餘 |
鄚頡府 | 막힐부 | Makhil Moxie |
鄚州 | 막주 | Makju Mozhou |
Acheng (阿城) |
막주(鄚州) 고주(高州;鳥河郷)=Niǎohé |
| 읍루 揖婁/우루부말갈 虞婁部靺鞨 |
定理府 | 정리부 | Jeongni Dingli |
定州 | 정주 | Jeongju/Dingzhou | Partizansk | 정주(定州) 반주(潘州) |
| 읍루 揖婁/우루부말갈 虞婁部靺鞨 |
安邊府 | 안변부 | Anbyeon Anbian |
安州 | 안주 | Anju Anzhou |
Olga | 안주(安州) 경주(瓊州) |
| 솔빈 率賓 |
率賓府 | 솔빈부 | Solbin Shuaibin |
華州 | 화주 | Hwaju Huazhou |
Ussuriysk/Shuaibin | 화주(華州) 익주(益州) 건주(建州)=Tongning |
| 불열 拂涅 |
東平府 | 동평부 | Dongpyeong Dongping |
伊州 | 이주 | Iju Yizhou |
Dangbi (密山市/当壁鎮) |
이주(伊州) 몽주(蒙州) 타주(沱州)=Troitskoye 흑주(黑州) 비주(比州) |
| 철리 鐵利 |
鐵利府 | 철리부 | Cheolli Tieli |
德理鎮 | 덕리진 | Deongnijin/Delizhen | Yilan (依蘭郷) |
광주(廣州) 분주(汾州) 포주(蒲州) 해주(海州) 귀주(歸州) |
| 월희 越喜 |
懷遠府 | 회원부 | Hoewon Huaiyuan |
達州 | 달주 | Dalju | Tongjiang (同江市) |
달주(達州) 월주(越州) 회주(懷州) 기주(紀州) 부주(富州) 미주(美州) 복주(福州) 사주(邪州) 지주(芝州) |
| 월희 越喜 |
安遠府 | 안원부 | Anyuan Anwon |
寧州 | 영주 | Yeongju Ningzhou |
Dalnerechensk | 영주(寧州) 미주(郿州)=Spassk-Dalny 모주(慕州) 상주(常州) |
Former Balhae provinces
.jpg)
Manzhou Yuanliu Kao provides records which show that the Balhae had occupied the Bisa Fortress at the southern tip of the Liaodong Peninsula. The History of Liao records that the Balhae established provinces at the Sin Fortress, Gaemo Fortress, Baegam Fortress, Yodong Fortress and Ansi Fortress area in Liaodong, as well as a substantial portion of the Liaoxi area. The Balhae sovereign’s message to Yamato Kingdom in 796 states that it has recovered the entire old Goguryeo territory and its ruler’s authority now shines beyond the Liao River. The Balhae came to occupy the Songhua and Wusuli River basins as well as the whole adjoining coastal zone along the Sea of Japan (East Sea).
- 약홀주(若忽州) present-day Dandong
- 목저주(木底州) ( 요동성 태자하 (太子河)근방)/법고현 섭무대(法庫縣葉武臺)
- 현도주 (玄兎州) (현재 만주의 무순 근방)
Correspondence
- Balhae Provinces coming from Andong protectorate :
- Namhae province is corresponding to former Qusu (Hangul: 거소주 Hanja/Hanzi :去素州), Qudan (Hangul: 거단주 Hanja/Hanzi :去旦州), 식리주(識利州)
- Wolhui province is corresponding to former Yuexi (Hangul: 월희주 Hanja/Hanzi :越喜州)
- Dongpyeong is corresponding to former Funie 불열주(拂涅州)
- Jangnyung is corresponding to former 제북주(諸北州)
- Yalu is corresponding to former 안시주(安市州) and 창암주(倉巖州)
- Hoewon is corresponding to former 연진주(延津州)
- Hyeondeok is corresponding to former 여산주(黎山州)
See also
External links
- (Korean) 발해내 말갈의 위치에 관한 지도
- (Korean) 발해 행정지도 5경 15부 62주
- (Korean) 발해의 행정지도
- (Japanese) Ningan the Supreme Capital of Balhae Kingdom
- (Chinese) 渤海国行政区划(转贴)(中，朝)
- The Union of the Ye-mack Tungus and the Mohe-Ruzhen Tungus
